aSHN CLEVEL^ri 




Class P' R '5-5i -K 

Book XJrA.i-5 

CoRyrightl^" 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 




The C-raffon Press 






THE POEMS OF 

JOHN CLEVELAND 

Annotated and correctly printed for the first time 
with Biographical and Historical Introductions by 

JOHN M. BERDAN, Ph.D. 




THE GRAFTON PRESS 

NEW YORK 






THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS, 

Two COPlci RfiOEIVED 

W}y V 1903 






Copyright 190J, 

By THE GRAFTON PRESS 

First Impression October, 1993 



PREFACE 

THIS edition was originally undertaken as a 
thesis for the doctorate degree at Yale Uni- 
versity. It has been completely revised 
and rewritten, but some innocent, yet mortifying, 
juvenilities may have escaped the exorcising scissors. 
Annotations are rendered necessary by the temporal 
character of many of the allusions, but I have en- 
deavored to confine them to those difficulties in the 
text which may trouble the average reader. Some 
references have still eluded my search, and I shall 
be very grateful to any one whose reading, more in- 
clusive than mine, will enable me to interpret the ob- 
scurities which remain. In a work which has ex- 
tended over so long a period of time and which has 
been interrupted so often, it is too much to dare hope 
that there will not be gross errors. I trust that these 
will be reasonably few and that they will not seriously 
interfere with the understanding of the author. 

As originally this was a thesis, surely it is un- 
necessary to acknowledge my indebtedness to the 
English Faculty at Yale, but I wish to express my 
sense of their great kindness and consideration. In 
particular I owe a debt of gratitude to Prof. William 



L. Phelps and Prof. Henry A. Beers ; this edition 
was undertaken at the suggestion of the first and it 
was aided at every point by the profound and sub- 
tle scholarship of the second. I also must state em- 
phatically my obligation to Mr. Marshall C. Lef- 
f erts ; when he gave me access to his fine private col- 
lections in this period, he rendered this work of mine 
possible. It remains in conclusion to gratefully ac- 
knowledge the efforts of my wife and my sister in 
having read the proofs. 

J. M. B. 
Middle Bass. 



IV 



CONTENTS 

PART I.— NON-POLITICAL POEMS OF THE 1677 
EDITION. 

PAGE 

Introduction, 9 

Fuscara, or the Bee Errant, 63 

To the State of Love, 66 

To Julia to Expedite Her Promise, 70 

The Hecatomb to His Mistress, 73 

The Antiplatonic, 78 

Upon Phillis Walking in a Morning before Sun-rising, . 80 

To Mrs. K. T., 83 

A Fair Nymph Scorning a Black Boy Courting Her, . . 85 

A Young Man to an Old Woman Courting Him, ... 87 
Upon a Miser Who Made a Great Feast, and the Next 

Day Died for Grief, 90 

Upon an Hermaphrodite, 94 

The Author to His Hermaphrodite, 97 

On the Memory of Mr. Edward King, Drowned in the 

Irish Seas, lOQ 

Mark Antony, 103 

Thei Author's Mock Song to Mark Antony, 104 

How the Commencement Grows New, 106 

Square Cap, 109 

Upon Princess Elizabeth, Born the Night before New 

Year's Day, 112 



PART II.— POLITICAL POEMS. 

Historical Introduction, 115 

A Dialogue between Two Zealots upon the &c. in the 

Oath, 119 

Smectymnuus, or the Club-Divines, 123 

Upon the King's Return to Scotland, 127 

Rupertismus, 130 

Upon Sir Thomas Martin, 139 

y 



PAGE 

The Mixed Assembly, 142 

The Rebel Scot, 146 

An Elegy upon the Archbishop of Canterbury, » ... 151 

The Hue and Cry after Sir John Presbyter, 154 

The General Eclipse, 158 

The King's Disguise, 160 



PART III.— POEMS ATTRIBUTED TO CLEVELAND BY 

MODERN SCHOLARS, NOT IN THE 

EDITION OF 1677. 

Introduction, 169 

Mr. Cleveland's Reply from Belvoir to the Three Newark 

Poets, 174 

An Elegy on Ben Jonson, 175 

To the Memory of Ben Jonson, 176 

Ode to Ben Jonson, upon His Ode to Himself, .... 177 

The Scot's Apostasy, 181 

An Epitaph on the Earl of Strafford 184 

The Definition of a Protector, 185 

On Black Eyes, 186 

News from Newcastle, 187 

Upon Tom of Christ Church, 193 

An Elegy upon King Charles the First, Murdered Pub- 

lickly by His Subjects, 195 

Notes, 201 

Appendix A. — The More Ancient Genealogy of Cleveland, 243 

Appendix B. — Genealogy, 244 

Appendix C. — Contents of the Various Editions of the 

Poems, 246 

Appendix D.— Editions of Cleveland's Works, .... 248 

Appendix E.— Marvell's Reply to "The Rebel Scot," . . 257 



PART ONE 

NON-POLITICAL POEMS 
OF THE 1677 EDITION 



INTRODUCTION 

"This eminent poet, the wit of our age." These 
are the words with which Winstanley, writing in 1687, 
begins his Hfe of John Cleveland. To-day they 
sound ironical. In the passing of the centuries there 
have been so many poets contemporaneously eminent, 
and there are so few who still command our interest. 
Cleveland has not been one of these, — in his own time 
more famous than his brothers, to-day forgotten even 
by the text-books. His only claim on the general 
student lies in the supposed fact that he is the fore- 
runner of Butler, but there are intelligent people even 
now to whom the name "Hudibras" suggests but 
little. It is the belief of the present editor 
that the poems of John Cleveland merit very careful 
attention on the part of those who wish to understand 
the so-called metaphysical school. The very fact that 
he has been so utterly forgotten is but the result of 
his former popularity; he suited his age so com- 
pletely, he so thoroughly expressed its convictions 
and its aims, that no other time has turned to him for 
sympathy. Robert Bell, in 1839, accused him, say- 
ing that "he was carried away by the current of ex- 
citement ; and, like many others, he sacrificed to party 
what was meant for mankind." For the student of 
to-day, therein lies his especial value. This is seen 
at once by comparing him with his contemporary, 



INTRODUCTION 

Milton. In the popular manner Milton condescended 
to write but two poems ; consequently the second edi- 
tion of the "Minor Poems" followed the first after so 
long an interval as thirty-eight years. During 
this same period there were at least twenty-odd 
editions of Cleveland. Literature, like every other 
commodity, is governed by the laws of supply and 
demand; therefore the selling power of a book in 
a given age gauges the success of its presentation of 
the feelings and thoughts of the age. Milton wrote 
for all time, Cleveland for his own time. But from 
this very fact it follows that to understand the litera- 
ture of the reign of King Charles, it is Cleveland that 
should be read, and not Milton. This edition is 
brought forth in the belief that Cleveland is the last 
and most characteristic poet of the "metaphysical 
school." 

There are two distinct points of view from which 
the works of a poet may be regarded. The first is 
the older and the more popular. Here the reader 
passes in review the whole body of literature and se- 
lects such poets and poems as may individually appeal 
to him; an anthology is a perfectly frank statement 
of personal preference, and its value depends upon 
the personality of the compiler. The other view is 
held, not by the general reader, but by the student. 
During the last fifty years and correlating with the 
great advance in the sciences, there has been made an 
effort more and more pronounced to treat literature, 
not as the sporadic output of unrelated individuals, 
but as an "organism," to deal with it "scientifically." 

10 



INTRODUCTION 

Intellectual comprehension is substituted for aesthetic 
appreciation ; and literary history becomes a series of 
phenomena which must be explained. One of the 
most distinctive of these is the existence in the first half 
of the seventeenth century of the school so unhappily 
called by Dr. Johnson the "metaphysical school." 
Metaphysical they are not, even by his own definition 
of the word, but the condemnation of a critic who 
neither appreciated nor understood them has been 
sufficient to remove. them from the beaten track of 
scholarship. Yet Cleveland was the most popular 
poet of his time, and whether we like, or dislike, the 
manner in which he wrote^, the fact remains that he 
did satisfy the conditions of his own time, and, there- 
fore, is well worth the attention of those who are try- 
ing to understand the literary situation after the death 
of Shakespeare. Now for his life. 

In the Year of Our Lord sixteen hundred and 
eleven, when the First Parliament of King James 
dared to express an interest in its own religious af- 
fairs (and thereby promptly met with dissolution), 
the rector of the parish church of Loughborough, 
Leicestershire, was one John Browne the elder, and his 
assistant, Thomas Cleiveland, or Cleaveland. Nich- 
ols, the antiquary, says that he always wrote his name 
"Cleiveland," but the register in Loughborough uses 
the "a" form. As in the case of John, his once fa- 
mous son, he seems to have liked variety. The family 
was of Anglo-Saxon origin and its earlier members 
owned considerable landed property in the North 
Riding of Yorkshire, taking the name, indeed, from 

11 



INTRODUCTION 

the district near Gisburnc and Whitby, now called 
Cleveland, but originally clive-land, the land of 
steeps. In the earlier times every possible variety of 
spelling is to be found (cf. App. A.), and in the va- 
rious editions of John's poems there are three forms. 
Nichols gives "Cleiveland," and he is followed in the 
last century by Bishop Percy, and in this, by J. W. 
Ebsworth and Mr. J. E. B. Mayor. The 1677 edi- 
tion, the authoritative one, which was issued by his 
pupils. Bishop Lake and Dr. Drake, consistently uses 
"Clieveland" ; the manuscript record of St. John's, 
Cambridge, about equally employs "Cleivland" and 
"Clieveland," — the "Cleiveland" form occurring only 
once, and then erased. On the other hand, in the 
published copies of both the "Jonsonus Virbius" and 
the "Verses to the Memory of Edward King" the sig- 
nature is John Cleveland. As, to my knowledge, there 
are none of his autographs in existence, and as he 
certainly would be particular in publications of 
which he may have been one of the principal instiga- 
tors, it seems to me that the authority for the simplest 
spelling is equally good, and that is the form which I 
shall use. 

Thomas Cleveland, then, in 1611, had been an 
alumnus of St. John's, Cambridge, but three years. 
In this interval he had taken to himself a wife, Eliza- 
beth, of whom nothing is known but that she died in 
Hinckley, 1649. With a family to support, he in- 
creased his income by acting as assistant to John 
Dawson in the "Burton's Grammar School." A fif- 
teenth-century merchant, Thomas Burton, had left 

12 



INTRODUCTION 

lands for a pious purpose, part of the income of 
which, in 1569, was appropriated to the foundation 
of a school. From the accounts kept by the bridge- 
master, who was also the financial officer of the School, 
we see that Mr. Dawson's salary was £12 13s. 6d. and 
that he could not hold other preferment. From the 
same accounts I extract, "Item, paid to Mr. Cleave- 
land (usher), Simon Mudd's legacy e, due as before 
(i. e., half yearly), XLs." There seems to be no 
record of what the other assistant, Woodmansley, re- 
ceived. Thomas Cleveland, on the assistant's salary 
plus the £4 from Burton's, raised his family. His 
first child, Mary, was baptized October 17, 1611, only 
to be buried two days after. John, the eldest son, 
was baptized June 20, 1613, and while at Loughbor- 
ough three other children, Margaret, August 27, 
1615, Thomas, July 5, 1618, and Joseph, June 4, 
1620, were added to the family. We next hear of 
him as taking his M.A. in 1614. Evidently he was 
an ambitious and capable Yorkshireman, as in 1621 
he was presented to the vicarage of Hinckley, with 
the rectory of Stoke and the chaplainship of Dad- 
lington annexed. The rest of his life may be summed 
up in a few words. He was dispossessed by the Parlia- 
ment in 1644 and eight years after was buried in 
Hinckley, October 26 ; "was a very worthy person and 
of a most exemplary life." 

This removal to Hinckley was an important event 
in the life of our poet. Not only, it may be assumed 
that the increased income gave certain physical ad- 
vantages which are so important to the growing boy, 

13 



INTRODUCTION 

but his father placed his education in the care of 
Richard Vines, a remarkable and characteristic fig- 
ure. Fuller says of him : "... he was never given 
to any extravagancy. Hence he was chosen School- 
master of Hinckley in this County (i.e., Leicester- 
shire), a Profession wherein many a good Minister 
hath been (and it is a pity that any but a good man 
should be) imployed. . . . An excellent Preacher, 
skillful to cut out doctrines in their true shape, natur- 
ally raised, to show them up with strong stitches; 
substantially proved, and set them with advantage on 
such backs, who should wear them effectually applied. 
. . . The champion of their party (i.e., the Puri- 
tans), therefore called their Luther. . . . His Maj- 
esty, though of a different judgment, valued him for 
his ingenuity, seldom speaking unto him without 
touching (if not moving) his hat. Which by Master 
Vines was returned (though otherwise blunt and un- 
observant) with most respectful Language and ges- 
tures. . . . He was most charitably moderate," etc. 
The influence of such a man on young Cleveland must 
have been very great, although curiously his pupil 
took the other side in the approaching conflict and 
was as strong a Royalist as Vines himself was a Pres- 
byterian. But in other respects he was an attentive 
student who gained "the heaving of his natural fancy 
by choicest elegancies in Latin and Greek, more ele- 
gantly Englished, (an exercise he improved much 
by,)" and "was early ripe for the University, who 
was one." Before we leave Hinckley and the Cleve- 
land family, it is necessary to add that during this 

14 



I NTRODUCTION 

period and the years immediately subsequent, five 
more children were born to his father. For an ac- 
count of these and their descendants, see; the gene- 
alogical table, App. B. 

"September 4, 1627 — John Cleveland, native of 
Loughborough in Leicestershire, son of Thomas, in- 
structed in letters at Hinckley under Mr. Vines, aged 
fifteen years, was admitted a lesser pensioner under 
Mr. Siddall." This is the recerd of Christ's, 
Cambridge, as quoted by Professor Masson. Obvi- 
ously at that time he was not "aged fifteen years," 
but he was in his fifteenth year. Why he went to 
Christ's and not to his father's college of St. John's, 
I cannot determine. Mr. Siddall was the second in 
the order of the Fellows, but he is not a distinct figure 
like Richard Vines. From the autobiography of Sir 
Simonds D'Ewes, it is to be inferred that the approx- 
imate expense of the lesser pensioner was £50 a year, 
a sum equivalent to three or four times that amount 
in our modern coinage. So his father must have 
been in very comfortable circumstances if he could 
afford to spend that amount on his son's education 
and to support his large family at the same time. 

The next fifteen years approximately were spent at 
Cambridge. Richard Vines must have done his work 
well, as in September, 1629, Cleveland was chosen to 
deliver the Latin welcome to the Earl of Holland, 
Chancellor of the University, and the French Am- 
bassador with his suite, among whom was Rubens. 
In his "Life of Milton" Professor Masson tells us: 

"Probably it was according to custom to choose one 

15 



INTRODUCTION 

of the youngest students in the College. At all 
events, the honor fell to SiddalPs pupil, young Jack 
Cleveland, who had then just finished his first year at 
College, and was not over sixteen. The brief speech 
which the sprightly lad did deliver may be found 
among his works, as subsequently published. Such 
is the splendor of the two august presences then in 
Christ's College, he says, that, if one of the sun-wor- 
shipping Persians were there to look, he would think 
there were two suns in the heaven, and would divide 
his sacrifice ! A few more such compliments complete 
the speech, the sense of which is poor enough, and 
the Latin none of the most classical. Milton, had the 
task been appointed to him, would have performed it 
much better." I regret that I am compelled to dif- 
fer from this last statement. Why does he try to add 
Cleveland's ewe-lamb to Milton's fold? As a matter 
of fact, Cleveland here shows for the first time that 
delightful characteristic which never left him, the 
ability to speak gracefully when there was nothing to 
be said. 

At some time, probably, towards the close of his un- 
dergraduate course, Cleveland, like Milton, officiated 
as "Father" of the Cambridge revels. We have two 
of the pieces spoken by him on that occasion, "Oratio 
habita in Scholis Publicis cum Patris officio fun' 
geretur" and "Actus primi scena secunda." The ex- 
act nature of this ceremonial is undetermined. Evi- 
dently one was chosen as the "Father" and a number 
of others as his "Sons," and then they acted some 

burlesque on the college life or curriculum. Each 

16 



INTRODUCTION 

author has two pieces of this curious nature so that a 
comparison is almost involuntary. It is to be remem- 
bered that unless it be of the very best quality of At- 
tic salt, a joke loses much of its savor in the course 
of three hundred years ; neither, therefore, to the 
modern reader seems very funny. This variety of 
composition requires a lightness of touch, and Milton 
does not gain by the comparison. His piece de re- 
sistance in the feast of laughter was to call his 
"Sons," not by ludicrous names producing a comic 
effect, but after the ten categories of Aristotle. His 
work is too ponderous, too egotistic, and too long; it 
is too evidently a tour de force. Cleveland, on the 
other hand, is rather clever ; he puns on the idea of his 
being a "Father" to his seniors. It is chiefly re- 
markable from the fact that he defends modern litera- 
ture; "the later ages have gained, and not become 
bankrupt." However, Cleveland at his best is not a 
thinker ; his popularity was rather due to the brilliant 
expression which he gave to common convictions. 

Then as now, four years of study were required 
for the degree of B.A. The instruction was usually 
given to the student in his own college, but the uni- 
versity was represented by lectures in the "public 
schools," and it was before these that the candidate 
had to prove his worthiness by holding two "respon- 
sions" defending a moral or metaphysical proposi- 
tion, and two "opponencies" attacking those of other 
candidates. The only example of these is the "Ora- 
tio in Scholis Publicis habita cum junior Baccalaureus 
in Tripodem disputaret Cantab.," a graceful intro- 



1 N T H D U C T I O N 

duction to the mock strife which should follow. No 
record exists as to his success in these exercises ex- 
cept the entry in the college books that his degree was 
awarded him in 1631. 

Probably for the next three years he remained a 
student of Christ's. Of these years there is not a 
trace in the records. But on March 27, 1634, Baker 
enters his election to the Hebblethwaite Fellowship in 
his father's college of St. John's. This Fellowship 
was founded May 1, 1589, 31 Eliz., the entry read- 
ing: "The foundation of a Fellowshippe and twoe 
Schollerships by Henrie Heblethwayte citizen of 
London. ... By will dated 27 June, 1587, H; H. 
devised £500 to the Coll. for the purchase of lands 
and tenements towards the maintenance of poor and 
frieivlless scholars of the Coll. esp. such as shall come 
out of Sedburghe School ... in default of these 
last, (a list of preferences has been given), any whom 
the Coll. shall think fit and worthy" ; the Fellows and 
Scholars to "enjoye meate drinke wages chamber- 
roume easments priviledges liberties preferrements 
profits" etc. ; also "all that allowance for commons and 
diete commonly e called detriments." In 1635 he 
took his M.A. 

By the rules of St. John's he should have taken 
holy orders within six years of his being elected Fel- 
low, but he was admitted on the Law Line, November 
2, 1640, "Jo. Cleiveland as Icgista unanimously" ; 
"and afterwards on that of Physic (Jan. 31, 1642, 
Reg. of St. John's)" is the next statement of Bishop 

Percy in the "Biographia Britannica," which is ac- 

18 



INTRODUCTION 

cepted by Alexander Chalmers and Mr. Ebsworth. 
Unfortunately I have not been able to substantiate it. 
As Baker, in his "History of the College of St. 
John's," does not mention it, I infer that, if true, 
Bishop Percy had access to papers since destroyed or 
forgotten. There seems to be some doubt, also, about 
his Oxford M.A. Wood's account begins: "This 
year (1637), among several Cambridge men that were 
incorporated Mast, of Arts^ must not be forgotten 
John Cleaveland the Poet, not that it appears so in 
the public Register, but from the Relation of a cer- 
tain Person who was then a Master of this Univer- 
sity." Whether or not this "certain Person" is more 
accurate than the public register, Cleveland re- 
ceived the substantial reward of it, a charming life in 
the "Fasti Oxonienses." 

As a Fellow, Cleveland directed the studies of the 
undergraduates in his charge, two of whom must be 
noticed, as they are the compilers of the 1677, the 
standard, edition of his Works. Samuel Drake, after- 
wards Vicar of Pontefract, "son of Nathan Drake of 
Halifax gent., born there, admitted lesser pens. 26 
June 1637 aet. 15 under Cleivland," and "Joannes 
Lake, Eboracensis, (afterwards Vicar of Leeds and 
Bishop of Man, Bristol, and Chichester) filius 
Thomae Lake de Halifax, natus atque literis institu- 
tus in schola publicae Halifaxise per triennium, annos 
natus 13 admissus est in collegium D. Jo. sub tutore 
magistro Cleivland, Dec. 4, 1637, ibique per alterum 
triennium artium et Philosophiae prima rudimenta 

percepit." It is of this John Lake it is said : "And 

19 



INTRODUCTION 

lie always retained a great reverence for his tutor's 
memory." This reverence was shown by editing, with 
the help of Samuel Drake, an edition of Cleveland's 
Works, "Purged from the many False & Spurious 
Ones Which had usurped his Name, and from innum- 
erable Errours and Corruptions in the True." It is 
dedicated to Francis Turner, D.D., who is said by 
tradition to have also been a pupil. In this case tra- 
dition seems to be untrustworthy, as he is thus entered 
in the records: "Franciscus Turner filius natu maxi- 
mus Thomae Turner S. T. P. decani Cantuariensis, 
scholse Wintoniensis alumnus prius dein collegii Novi 
Oxon. socius; artium bac. an. 1659, A.M. 1662 quo 
gradu suscepto commigravit ad nos, admissus ad eun- 
dam gradum in academia Cantabr.," etc. Thus he is 
much too young ever to have been taught by Cleve- 
land ; probably the book was dedicated to him, as he 
at that time (1670-79) was Master of St. John's, and 
Lake had " a very high regard for that Society." 
For them, presumably, the little skit "Vinum est Poet- 
arum Equus" was written. In the Preface they thus 
comment on this part of Cleveland's life : 

"To cherish so great hopes, the Lady Margaret 
drew forth both her breasts. Christ's College in Cam- 
bridge gave him Admission, and St. John's a Fellows- 
ship. There he lived about the space of nine years, 
the delight and ornament of that Society. What 
Service, as well as Reputation he did it, let his Ora- 
tions and Epistles speak ; to which the Library oweth 
much of its Learning, the Chappel much of its pious 

decency, and the College much of its Renown." A 

20 



INTRODUCTION 

number of these "Orations and Epistles" have come 
down to us, and the same characteristic is noticeable, 
namely that their excellence consists in expression 
rather than in thought. Arbitrarily I shall divide 
them into three classes: (1) occasional orations, (2) 
epistles, and (3) salutatory speeches in behalf of the 
college. 

The first class may be dismissed in a few words ; 
they are undated and might be assigned with fair 
probability to any of the nine years. As a Fellow 
he was thrice called upon to act as judge of the de- 
bate in the Public Schools; in consequence we have 
"Oratio habita cum unus e Praelectoribus, deficiente 
termino, pensum (pro more) imponeret," "Oratio 
habita in Scholis Thcologicis, cum Moderatoris partes 
ageret," and "Oratio itidem habita in Scholis Juri- 
dicialibus, cum Moderatoris partes ageret." Febru- 
ary 11, 1641, Dr. Edward Littleton, Lord Keeper of 
the Great Seal, apparently came to Cambridge ; I 
infer this notwithstanding the fact that there is no 
mention of it in Cooper's "Annals" because Baker 
gives the piece (published in Cleveland's works in the 
form of a letter), with the statement "Cleivland 
orat"; in which case this "Domino Edvardo Littleton, 
Sigilli Custodi" would be the address of welcome, the 
"Oratio prior habita in Scholis Juridicialibus, Dom- 
ino Doctore Littleton respondente" the introduction 
to his speech, and the "Oratio posterior, eodem re- 
spondente" the conclusion. 

Between 1635 and 1637 he was made Rhetoric 

Reader, and on that occasion spoke the "Oratio In- 

21 



INTRODUCTION 

auguralis, cum Praelectoris Rhetoric! munus auspica- 
reur." I limit it to '37, as that is the earHest date of 
the various letters which he wrote for the College. 
Naturally, as he is but the mouthpiece of others, 
there is no individuality here; it is a sufficient indica- 
tion of the extent of the worthy Bishop's admiration 
that he should have included these letters! Several 
persons have presented books and we have here the ac- 
knowledgments. The tone is much the same whether 
he is addressing the Archbishop of Canterbury, the 
Bishop of Lincoln, the Bishop of Durham, or Lord 
Herbert of Cherbury, etc., — extravagant compliment 
and light wit. They are entirely impersonal, and it 
almost seems as if the addresses might have been 
changed without the recipients having been any the 
wiser. It is to "fiery Welsh Williams" that he sa^^s: 
"Solem in unda spectamus faciles, quem in orbe suo 
non sine lippitudine sustinemus," but it applies 
equally well to his arch enemy Laud, or Morton, or 
any of the others. Therefore we may dismiss them. 
As we have seen, in the year 1629 the honor of 
addressing the French Ambassador was assigned to 
Cleveland. February 4, 1636, this dignity was again 
conferred ; this time he compliments Charles Lodowick 
Count Elector Palatine of the Rhine, K.G., who visits 
the University in the company of the Chancellor. 
Tliis is the son of Frederick, the Elector Palatine, and 
the unfortunate "Queen of Bohemia" and therefore a 
nephew of Charles. It is this relationship which 
Cleveland emphasizes: "Quam dccies repetitus pla- 

cebit Carolus ! Carolus Caroli Sobrinus et Caroli 

22 



INTRODUCTION 

Avunculus. O Beatissima Carolorum Climax ! Macte 
esto gradibus Carolina scala, ut cum prae altitudine 
sua supremus Rex Carolus Caelos scandat, novi 
subinde succrescant Caroli, quibus, quasi internodiis 
distincta ejus aeternitas usque et usque floreat; sic 
ipse sibi superses Carolus, non hominum (parum illud 
Nestoris) sed Carolorum tres astates vivat, Filii, So- 
brini, utriusque Caroli." How the Elector received 
this English compliment, we are not told ; to be lauded 
on account of one's relationship to another is to be 
damned with faint praise, but the passage is impor- 
tant as showing that by 1636 Cleveland was thor- 
oughly a Royalist. Mr. Edwin Goadby, in the 
"Gentleman's Magazine" of February, 1873, says: 
"During Cleaveland's residence in Cambridge he was 
moved by two incidents, which may be said to have 
determined his whole future career. The first inci- 
dent was a royal visit. Charles I. reached Cambridge 
in May, 1633, . . . Cleaveland wrote an epistle on 
the event . . . Cleaveland was henceforth, whatever 
he might have been previously, an enthusiastic and 
devoted Royalist." Fortunately, Mr. Goadby is mis- 
taken in the date of the visit and consequently also 
in his unpleasant inference. There is no possible 
question but that the reception to which he refers 
took place nine years after the date he assigns. Cu- 
riously enough, even Mr. Ebsworth, in the "Diction- 
ary of National Biography," is also in error here. A 
detailed letter from Joseph Beaumont, as quoted by 
Cooper, tells us that the Prince arrived Saturday, 
March the twelfth, 1642, and that the reception to 



INTRODUCTION 

him by the University authorities was so pleasing that 
the King himself came on Monday for a few hours. 
Before the Prince was played Cowley's "Guardian," 
afterwards called the "Cutter of Coleman Street." 
On the title-page of this, the date is given as March 
twelfth, 1641, O. S. ; Genest also gives the same. 
This is corroborated by the entry in Worthington's 
Diary March 14, 1641-S: "The King in transitu 
visited Trinity and St. John's Coll." Moreover, the 
speech is dated 1642 in the editions of the "Cleave- 
land Revived." In his letter Beaumont mentions 
Cleveland's address, and the inference is allowable 
that it was spoken almost extempore. If the speech 
were unpremeditated, there is no doubt about his en- 
thusiastic loyalty. In any case, the speech was a 
success ; the King was so delighted with it that he de- 
sired that a copy should be sent after him to 
Huntington. 

A newspaper of the time informs us that the King 
"received much content from the Doctors and others 
in the University but women and others in the towne 
humbly and earnestly entreating that he would return 
to his parliament or they should be undone: — the 
King was much discontent that neither the sherife nor 
any gentlemen of Cambridgeshire did meet him." 
Thus we see that the small world of Cambridge was 
divided sharply between the University which was 
Royalist and the Town which was for the Parliament. 
Oliver Cromwell had been elected Burgess for the 
Town of Cambridge to the "Short Parliament" in the 
spring of 1640; "recommended by Hampden, say 



INTRODUCTION 

some; not needing any recommendation in those 
Fen-countries, think others," is Carljle's comment. 
Cooper quotes at length from a contemporary ac- 
count telHng of the trick by which the election was 
maintained; this, as he shows, is untrustworthy, but 
the important point is, as both agree, that it was not 
closely contested. This does not seem to have been 
the case with that for the "Long Parliament" in the 
fall of the same year. Cromwell was returned by a 
narrow margin, although there seems to be no reason 
but that cited in the 1677 preface for such a reversal 
of popular opinion. That says: "Thus he (Cleve- 
land) shined with equal light and influence until the 
general Eclipse ; of which no man had more Sagacious 
Prognosticks. When Oliver was in Election to be 
Burgess for the Town of Cambridge, as he engaged 
all his Friends and Interests to oppose it, so when it 
was passed, he said with much passionate Zeal, That 
single Vote had ruined both Church and Kingdom. 
Such havock the good Prophet beheld in Hazael's 
face. Such fatal Events did he presage from his 
bloody beak. And no sooner did that Schrich Owl 
appear in the University but this Sun declined. Per- 
ceiving the Ostracism that was intended, he became a 
Voluntier in his Academick Exile, and would no 
longer breath the common Air with such Pests of 
Mankind." This language is strong, but the facts 
are sound. The last we hear of Cleveland at Cam- 
bridge is that visit of the King in March, 1642. Ox- 
ford was occupied as the Royal headquarters Nov. 

29, 1642, but it is improbable that Cleveland imme- 

25 



INTRODUCTION 

diatelj went there. However, it is not necessary to 
assume that he was unwilling to breathe the common 
air with such pests of mankind, as the state of affairs 
at Cambridge were such as would quite justify the 
departure of any peace-loving student, and as Cleve- 
land was known as a Royalist and had already writ- 
ten his "Verses on Smectymnuus," it is not unlikely 
that he received special indignities. In July, 1642, 
some of the townsmen who had obtained muskets 
made a practice of discharging them into the windows 
of certain scholars, whereupon the members of the 
University purchased a quantity of arms for their 
own protection, until stopped by order of Parliament. 
In February of the next year a thousand Parliamen- 
tary soldiers were placed in garrison and could not be 
controlled. "The colleges were beset and broken 
open, and guards thrust into them, sometimes at mid- 
night whilst the scholars were asleep in their beds. 
The commons were snatched off the tables in the Col- 
lege Halls ; the College rents were forcibly taken from 
the tenants. The books in the scholars' chambers 
were seized and carried away, and multitudes of sol- 
diers were quartered in the Colleges. Great injury 
was also done to the property of the Colleges; Jesus 
Grove was cut down ; the wainscot, bedstead, chairs, 
stools, tables, and bookshelves, in many scholars' 
chambers were pulled down and burnt ; King's College 
Chapel was used as a place for training the military ; 
the carved work in other Chapels was torn down; the 
monuments of the dead were defaced ; and a beautiful 

carved structure in St. Mary's, although it had no 

26 



INTRODUCTION 

imagery or statue work about it, was demolished. In 
order to make the University generally odious to the 
common people, it was customary every market day to 
burn openly in the market-place "all sorts of pictures, 
were they but Paper Prints of the twelve Apostles." 
These were proclaimed to be "the Popish Idols of the 
University." The effect was "that a Scholar could 
have small security from being stoned or affronted as 
he walked the streets." Under such conditions it is 
perhaps unnecessary to speculate why he left. The 
effect upon him must have been greater, as the work 
was comparatively new; in 1634, the year of his Fel- 
lowship, Fuller notes : "Now began the University 
to be much beautified in buildings, every College 
either casting its skin with the Snake, or renewing its 
bill with the Eagle, having their Courts, or at least- 
wise their fronts, and Gate houses repaired and 
adorned. But the greatest alteration w^as in their 
Chappels, most of them being graced with the acces- 
sion of Organs. And, seeing Musick is one of the 
Liberal Arts, how could it be quarreled at in an Uni- 
versity, if they sang with understanding both of the 
matter and the manner thereof ? Yet some took great 
distast thereat as attendencie to superstition." So 
we cannot be far in error if we assume that he left 
Cambridge for Oxford in the spring of '43. 

Before following Cleveland to Oxford it is neces- 
sary to give a short account of his poetical activity 
while at Cambridge, and of the publications of the 
University during this period. As has been said, the 

majority of his miscellaneous verse was probably 

27 



INTRODUCTION 

written there, but of this we have no proof ; from the 
very nature of the poems the exact year cannot be 
determined. Aubrey's statement is "He was a fellow 
of St. John's College in Cambridge, where he was 
more taken notice of for his being an eminent dispu- 
tant, then a good poet." Of course Aubrey generally 
is untrammeled by any reference to facts, and 
here he has against him the whole body of contempo- 
rary writers. But it is to be remembered that the 
narrative of a gossipy, inaccurate w^riter may give a 
glimpse at real conditions when professed eulogists 
pass by in silence. His statement is borne out by the 
fact that in the various University publications Cleve- 
land rarely figures. This, however, may be due to 
the fact that Cleveland, however skillful in Latin 
prose, does not seem to have used Latin verse. There 
are but two Latin poems in the 1677 edition, one of 
which, a translation of the "Rebel Scot," is by 
Thomas Gawen ; consequently, I have eliminated these 
poems. During Cleveland's stay in Cambridge there 
were nine books of verses on public occasions, to only 
two of which did he contribute, and then always in 
English. The first, made famous by the "Lycidas," 
is entitled "Juxta Edovardo King naufrago ab Ami- 
cis moerentibus amoris & 'Mr etas Xapiz^'' 1638. 
The English verses are separately paged, and have 
the title, "Obsequies to the memorie of Mr. Edward 
King," Anno. Dom. 1638. Pearson and More con- 
tribute to the Latin poems. By far the more inter- 
esting are the thirteen poems in English, of which 

the fourth is by Cleveland and the last by iVIilton. 

28 



INTRODUCTION 

Cleveland's is signed in full; the "Lycidas" has only 
the initials J. M. The second is "Irenodia Canta- 
brigiensis ob paciferum serenissimi Regis Caroli e 
Scotia reditum mense Novembri, 1641," 1641. Cow- 
ley and Cleveland contributed. I have been unable 
to see this volume, but I assume that the poem is the 
same as that on page 127 of this edition. Cleveland, 
by this time, must have had a reputation as an Eng- 
lish poet, because he appears in the "Jonsonus Virbius, 
or the Memorie of Ben Jonson. revived by the Friends 
of the Muses," London, 1638. He is here in the best 
company of his time; verses were given by Falkland, 
May, Habington, Waller, Cartwright, Owen, Fel- 
tham, Shakerley Marmion, and John Ford. To be 
admitted here was equivalent to a diploma in poetry, 
and although at Cambridge he may have been consid- 
ered a disputant, to the world at large he was already 
ranked as a poet, notwithstanding the fact that none 
of his verses had yet been printed. 

So in the spring of 1643 Cleveland left Cambridge 
for Oxford, where, in the language of those days, he 
was "caressed" by the royal party. Wood tells us: 
"At length upon the eruption of the Civil War, he 
was the first Champion that appeared in verse for the 
King's Cause against the Presbyterians ; . . . Where- 
upon retiring to Oxon the King's headquarter, lived 
there for a time, and was much venerated and respect- 
ed not only by the great Men of the Court, but by 
the then Wits remaining among the affrighted and 
distressed Muses, for his high Panegyrics and smart 

Satyrs." This has been often quoted with the erro- 

39 



INTRODUCTION 

neous implication that he went to Oxford to fight in 
verse for the King. In reahty there is no such abrupt 
change. As satire consists largely in the expression, 
and, as we have seen that Cleveland's talent lay de- 
cidedly in that direction, it was very natural that he 
should ridicule some of the ludicrous aspects in the 
politics of the time. At Cambridge we find him satir- 
izing "Smectymnuus," the Puritan attitude toward 
the Oath of Conformity, etc. ; but there is no such 
bitterness as appears later. He is silent on the great 
issues, such as the trial and condemnation of Straf- 
ford, because neither he nor any one else appreciated 
their true significance. Even after war had been de- 
clared, August 23, 1642, the Parliamentarians para- 
doxically were fighting the King in the name of the 
King. Not until the Siege of Gloucester and the 
Scotch invasion did the Royalists awake to the full 
realization of the danger. From this time on Cleve- 
land, pen in hand, is fighting desperately for the 
King. 

" Come, keen iambics, with your badger's feet, 
And badger-like bite till your teeth do meet." 

The contemptuous laugh has now become a snarl. 

Here his life is interwoven with the national history, 

which is cursorily treated in the various introductions 

in Part II. 

Not by his verse alone did he defend the cause, but 

also there are three "characters" to his credit, "The 

Character of a London Diurnal," "The Character of 

a Country-Committee-man, with the Earmark of a 

30 



INTRODUCTION 

Sequestrator," and "The Character of a Diurnal 
Maker." They are prose satires in which he pursues 
exactly the same method as in verse ; the aim in both 
is to say the most unpleasant things in the most un- 
pleasant way; thus they differ from characters such 
as the "Holy and Profane States" in being weapons 
of attack. This is how he mentions Cromwell : "With 
what face can they object to the King the bringing in 
of foreigners, when themselves entertain such an army 
of Hebrews? This Cromwell is never so valorous as 
when he is making speeches to the Association; which 
nevertheless he doth somewhat ominously with his 
neck a-wry, holding up his ear as if he expected 
Mahomet's pidgeon to come and prompt him. He 
should be a bird of prey, too, by his bloody beak ; his 
nose is able to try a young eagle, whether she be law- 
fully begotten. But all is not gold that glisters. 
What we wonder at in the rest of them is natural to 
him, to kill without bloodshed; for the most of his 
trophies are in a church window, when a looking 
glass would show him more superstition. He is so 
perfect a hater of images that he hath defaced God's 
in his own countenance. If he deals with men, 'tis 
when he takes them napping in an old monument, then 
down goes dust and ashes and the stoutest cavalier is 
no better. O brave Oliver! Time's voider, subsizer 
to the worms, in whom Death, who formerly devoured 
our ancestors, now chews the cud! He said grace 
once as if he would have fallen aboard with the Mar- 
quis of Newcastle ; nay and the Diurnal gave you his 

bill-of-f are ; but it proved a running banquet as ap- 

31 



INTRODUCTION 

pears by the story. Believe him, as he whistles to his 
Cambridge team of committee-men, and he doth won- 
ders. But holy men, like the holy language, must be 
read backwards. They rifle colleges to promote learn- 
ing and pull down churches for edification. But sac- 
rilege is entailed upon him. There must be a Crom- 
well for cathedrals as well as abbeys ; a secure sin 
whose ofl'ense carries its pardon in its mouth ; for how 
shall he be hanged for church-robbery that gives him- 
self the 'benefit of the clergy.' " One more illustra- 
tion will suffice ; let me give you his recipe for a coun- 
try committee-man and ask you to remember as 
you read that the Royalist gentlemen, by these same 
committee-men, had been beggared through the se- 
questration of their estates; then you can appreciate 
the grim smile which followed the perusal of the fol- 
lowing : "Take a State-martyr, one that for his good 
behaviour hath paid the excise of his ears, so suffered 
captivity by the land-piracy of ship-money ; next a 
primitive freeholder, one that hates the King because 
he is a gentleman, transgressing the Magna Charta of 
delving Adam ; add to these a mortified bankrupt that 
helps out false weights with some scruples of con- 
science and with his peremptory scales can doom his 
prince with a Mene Tekel; these with a blue-stock- 
inged justice lately made of a good basket-hilted yeo- 
man, with a short handed clerk tacked to the rear of 
him to carry the knapsack of his understanding; to- 
gether with two or three equivocal sirs whose religion, 
like their gentility, is the extract of their acres, being 
therefore spiritual because they are earthly ; not for- 



INTRODUCTION 

getting the man of law whose corruption gives the 
hogan to the sincere juncto; these are the simples of 
this precious compound, a kind of Dutch hotch-potch, 
the hogan-mogan committee-man." 

^ By such attacks as these Cleveland became recog- 
nized as a distinct power in the pohtical controversy. 
Not only may we infer this from the great number 
of editions, but we have also contemporary evidence of 
the great effect of his writings. David Lloyd, in 
1668, thus enthusiastically exclaims: . . . "his life 
at Oxford, where he managed his pen as the highest 
panegyrist, (witness his Rupertismus, his Elegy on 
my Lord of Canterbury, &c., on the one hand,) on 
the one side to draw all good intentions to virtue ; and 
the Scots' Apostacy, the Char, of a Lond. Diurnal, 
and a Committee man, (blows that shaked triumphing 
Rebellion, reaching the soul of those not to be reached 
by Law or Power, striking each Traitor to a paleness 
beyond that of any Loyal Corpse that bled by them ; 
the Poet killing at as much distance as some Phil- 
osophers, heat-scars lasting as time, indelible as guilt- 
stabs beyond Death,) on the other, to shame the ill 
from vice, ..." The "London Diurnal" was printed 
as a broad-side, and presumably was widely distrib- 
uted. By his sneers Cleveland certainly prepared the 
way for the Restoration. 

Cleveland's visit at Oxford must have been ex- 
tremely pleasant; he was surrounded by enthusiastic 
admirers and apparently had sufficient means. This 
last is to be inferred from the fact that it was at this 
time that his portrait was painted by Isaac Fuller, a 



INTRODUCTION 

well-known artist of the period. A copy of this 
painting is prefixed to this edition. The only de- 
scription of his person which has come down to us is 
given us by Aubrey : "He was a comely plump man, 
good curled hair, darke brown." It is not the face of 
a thinker nor of a scholar. 

From the nature of his work at this period he was 
not popular. Of this we have certain evidence. The 
"London Post," February 4, 1645, inserts this para- 
grr.ph: "Master Cleiveland of Cambridge, the con- 
triver of that bold and licentiate pamphlet, called 
*The Character of the Perfect Diurnal' is brought up 
to London to answer for his libeling : You will shortly 
read a Character upon the Characterer." This re- 
mark only justifies his "libel" on the truth-telling 
properties of the papers in question, as there is no 
evidence that he was ever "brought up to London," 
and it is extremely improbable. Although in this 
particular his punishment seems to have been im- 
aginary, his enemies struck more surely in another 
way. Nine days after this notice, by the order of the 
Earl of Manchester, (the Kimbolton of the satires,) 
he was expelled from his Fellowship in St. John's and 
Anthony Houlden was admitted to his place on the 
17th. This could not have been unexpected, however, 
because not only had he refused to take the "Solemn 
League and Covenant" as ordered by the Parliament, 
but he had literally added insult to the injury. 

But on the other hand by the Roj^alists he was not 

forgotten, being appointed Judge Advocate to his 

IMajesty's garrison at Newark. I am unable to state 

34 



INTRODUCTION 

definitely the date. The "Biographia Brltannica" says 
in reference to this: "The Bishop of Dromore has 
in his possession an authentic copy of the commission, 
signed by King Charles I. with his own hand, dated 
at *our Court at Newark,' 12th. October, 1645, by 
Avhich Sir Richard Willis the governor and other com- 
missioners therein mentioned, are impowered to pun- 
ish all offenses committed by the soldiers, and to de- 
termine all differences between them and the country- 
men by martial law." It is to be regretted that 
Bishop Percy was not more definite in his statement, 
but, to have any revelance whatever, Cleveland must 
have been included in the "other commissioners therein 
mentioned." His degree in law would have qualified 
him for the office, but the "Weekly Intelligencer" of 
May 27, 1645, gives a rather different idea of his du- 
ties. "But to speak something of our friend Cleve- 
land, that grand malignant of Cambridge, we heare 
that he is now at Newarke, where he hath the title of 
Advocate put upon him. His office and employment 
is, to gather all the College rents within the power 
of the King's forces in those parts, which he distrib- 
utes to such as are turned out of their Fellowships at 
Cambridge for their malignancie. If the royal party 
be thus careful to supplie their friends, sure it is nec- 
essary to take some course to relieve those who are 
turned out of their houses and livings for adhering to 
the Parliament." Walker informs us he was received 
there with the same esteem and respect as at Oxford, 
and the 1677 Preface, "and, by an excellent temper- 
ature of both, was a just and prudent Judge for the 

35 



INTRODUCTION 

King, and a faithful Advocate for the Country." So 
by the testimony of both his friends and his enemies 
in this new position he did well. 

The work done here at Newark has been collected 
under the title "Cleaveland Revived." As Cleveland 
was the most popular writer of his day, all sorts of 
compositions in prose and verse were fathered upon 
him, and consequently this edition is rather in the 
nature of an anthology of contemporaneous writers. 
We know this by the express statement of the editor 
himself. From this fact, the identification of the 
poems is largely guess-work ; the prose consists of va- 
rious letters which are interesting only from their 
quaintness, with no particular value. They illustrate 
the peculiar fondness of the age for plays upon words 
and involved quibble, — a liking which produced Cleve- 
land's poems and made them popular. 

Charles left Newark for Oxford early in November, 

1645. He escaped just in time, as the Scotch army 

under Leven encamped before it on the twenty-seventh 

of November. We have Cleveland's reply to their 

summons to surrender. "You may do well, Gentlemen, 

to use your fortune modestly, and not think that God 

Almighty doth uphold your cause by reason of your 

victories ; perchance he fattens it with present success 

for a riper destruction. For my part I would rather 

embrace a wreck, floating upon a single plank, than 

embark in your action with the fullest sails to dance 

upon the wings of fortune. Whereas you urge the 

expense of a siege and the pressures of the Country in 

supporting your charge, there I confess I am touched 

S6 



INTRODUCTION 

to the quick. But their miseries, though they make my 
heart bleed, must not make my honour. My compas- 
sion to my Country must not make me a parricide to 
my Prince. . . . Otherwise I desire you to take notice, 
that when I received my commission for the govern- 
ment of this place, I annexed my life as a label to my 
trust." 

During Cleveland's stay in Newark the King's 
cause had been lost. Charles, after intriguing with 
the Scotch, with the Independents, and with the Par- 
liament, at last determined to tinist to the first, and on 
May 5, 1646, at Southwell, near Newark, he sur- 
rendered himself to the army of that nation. Their 
first demand was for Newark, which, under Cleveland, 
had gallantly held out ; Charles, knowing that the city 
was incapable of prolonged resistance, ordered the 
surrender, which was made on the following day. 
Here occurred that incident, (if it occurred at all,) 
which is faithfully recorded by his later-day biog- 
raphers. The anecdote first appears in the "Critical 
Review," June, 1769, in an article on Granger's "Bi- 
ographical History." This is the original from 
which Carlyle and others have drawn unjustifiable in- 
ferences. After stating that Cleveland was ejected 
from his Fellowship, the writer continues: "Be that 
as it will, his famous satire against the Scotch ren- 
dered him extremely obnoxious to that nation, and he 
happened to be taken prisoner by a party of their 
troops in the North, commanded by David Lesley, 
afterwards Lord Newark. Being discovered by the 
papers he had about him, the officers who took him 

37 



INTRODUCTION 

gave him an assurance of the gallows, and Cleaveland 
received the news with that magnanimity and pride 
which is the concomitant of great self -consequence ; 
for he consoled himself with the thoughts of his dying 
a martyr in the cause of his sovereign, and having his 
name transmitted with peculiar encomiums in the an- 
nals of loyalty. He was introduced with some other 
prisoners to Lesley, who could neither read nor write, 
and who awarded to each his proper fate by hanging, 
whipping, or imprisoning. When it came to h^ 
Cleaveland's turn, he presented himself at the bar with 
a conscious dignity, and his enemies did not fail to 
aggravate his offenses, producing at the same time a 
bundle of his verses. 'Is this all,' said the general, 
'ye have to charge him with ; for shame, for shame ! 
let the poor fellow go about his business, and sell his 
ballads.' This contemptuous slight affected Cleave- 
land so much, that he is said to have drowned the re- 
membrance of it in strong liquors, which hastened his 
death. It appears, however, by Thurloe's papers, 
that Cleaveland was a person of note among the roy- 
alists, and that he had a place of some consequence 
in their army." Fifteen years after, Bishop Percy, 
after quoting this paragraph entire in the "Bio- 
graphia Britannica," thus continues: "As this ar- 
ticle was attributed to a countryman of Lesley's, the 
late Mr. Guthrie, shall we suppose that he took this 
method to be revenged on the author of the Rebel 
Scot?" In truth, the origin of this tale is a mystery ; 
it is scarcely credible, as Bishop Percy intimates, that 

anyone deliberately invented it, and yet it is in no 

38 



INTRODUCTION 
English author before 1769; nor is it Hkely that it 
should be handed down by Scotch tradition, as it is 
not complimentary to the ignorant Lesley and, by its 
very existence it gives an importance to Cleveland 
which it is its object to deny. He was certainly in 
the garrison when Newark surrendered, and there is 
no record of his captivity. But in a court-martial 
he would be tried as a Judge Advocate, not as a poet, 
and the General must have been very ignorant indeed 
not to have remembered the name at the bottom of the 
refusal to surrender; as Cleveland lived for twelve 
years afterwards, his death cannot be said to have 
been unduly hastened. It is hard to disprove such an 
anecdote, but it is harder to believe it. 

For the next nine years and a half nothing is 
known of his life. Like the great majority of the 
unfortunate Cavaliers, he wandered about in complete 
dependence upon his more fortunate friends. For 
his King and his cause he had lost all but his freedom, 
and that was taken from him on November 10, 1655. 
From the papers of John Thurloe, Secretary to the 
Council of State, I extract the following letter to the 
President of the Council : 

"May it please your lordship, 
In observance to the orders of his highness and coun- 
cil sent unto us, we have this day sent to the garrison 
of Yarmouth one John Cleveland of Norwich, late 
judge advocate at Newark, who we have deemed to be 
comprized within the second head. 
"The reasons of judgment are; 
"1. He confesseth, that about a year since he came 
from London to the city of Norwich; and giveth no 

39 



INTRODUCTION 

account of any business he hath there, only he pre- 
tends, that Edward Cooke, Esq; maketh use of him 
to help him in his studies. 

"2. Mr. Cleveland confesseth, that he hath lived 
in the said mr. Cooke's house ever since he came to the 
said city; and that he but seldom went into the city, 
and never but once into the country. Indeed his pri- 
vacy hath been such, that none or but a few save 
papists and cavaleeres did know, that there was any 
such person resident in these parts. 

"3. For that the place of the said mr. Cleveland 
his abode, viz. the said mr. Cooke's is a family of no- 
torious disorder and where papists, delinquents, and 
other disaffected persons of the late king's party do 
often resort more than to any family in the said sity 
or county of Norfolk, as is commonly reported. 

"4. Mr. Cleveland liveth in a genteel garbe; yet 
he confesseth, that he hath no estate but 20£ per an- 
num allowed by two gentlemen, and 30£ per annum 
by the said mr. Cooke. 

"5. Mr. Cleveland is a person of great abilities, 
and so able to do the greater disservice ; all which w^ 
humbly submit, and remain, 

"Your honour's truly humble servants, 
"H. Haynes, H. King, 

"Rob. Woode, Richard Copeman, 

"Ed. Warde, John Ballestone, 

"Bram. Gurdon, Ro. Swallowe, 

"Nich. Bell, Ralph Woollmer, 

"Nich. Salter, Richard Harbie, 

"Tho. Garrett, William Stewart. 

"Norwich, Novemb. 10, 1655." 

40 



INTRODUCTION 

So by these fourteen village Dogberrys poor Cleve- 
land was sent to the Yarmouth prison because, for- 
sooth, he lived in genteel garb and was a person of 
great abilities ! The condition of the English prison 
of that period can be better imagined than described. 
There he wrote a letter "To the Protector after long 
and vile Durance in Prison." Incidentally we learn 
from the letter itself that he was there three months, 
but one can easily see how the vileness might make 
three months "long." After some hesitation, I have 
decided to include this letter; not only is it the best 
example of his prose, but also it is remarkable from 
the characteristic skill with which he pleads his case 
without betraying his cause: 

*"May it please your highness ; 

Rulers within the circle of their government have a 
claim to that which is said of the Deity, they have 
their center every where and their circumference no 
where. It is in this confidence that I address to your 
Highness, knowing no place in the nation is so remote 
as not to share in the ubiquity of your care, no prison 
so close as to shut me from partaking of your influ- 
ence. My Lord, it is my misfortune that, after ten 
years of retirement from being engaged in the diff'er- 
cnces of the State, having wound up myself in a pri- 
vate recess, and my comportment to the public being 
so inoffensive that in all this time neither fears nor 
jealousies have scrupled at my actions, being about 

* This has been collated with the editions of 1659, 1662, 1665, 
1677, 1687, and 1699. From the variants I have as usual con- 
structed the: new text. 

41 



INTRODUCTION 

three months since at Norwich, I was fetched b}^ a 
guard before the Commissioners and sent prisoner to 
Yarmouth, and, if it be not a new offense to make an 
inquiry wherein I have offended, (for hitherto my 
faults are kept as close as my person,) I am induced 
to believe that, next to my adherence to the Royal 
Party, the cause of my confinement is the narrowness 
of my estate, for none stand committed whose estate 
can bail them ; I only am the prisoner who have no 
acres to be my hostage. Now if my poverty be crim- 
inal, (with reverence be it spoken,) I must implead 
your Highness, whose victorious arms have reduced 
me to it, as accessory to my guilt. Let it suffice, my 
Lord, that the calamity of the war hath made us poor ; 
do not punish us for it. Whoever did penance for 
being ravished ? Is it not enough that we are stripped 
so bare, but must it be made in order to a severer lash ? 
Must our sores be engraven with our w^ounds? Must 
we first be made cripples and then beaten with our 
own crutches.? Poverty, if it be a fault, 'tis its own 
punishment; who pays more for it, pays use on use. 
I beseech your Highness, put some bounds to our 
overthrow and do not pursue the chase to the other 
world. Can your thunder be leveled so low as our 
groveling condition? Can your towering spirit, 
which hath quarried upon kingdoms, make a stoop at 
us who are the rubbish of these ruins? Methinks I 
hear your former achievements interceding with you 
not to sully your glories with trampling upon the 
prostrate nor clog the wheels of your chariot with so 

degcnerous a triumph. The most renowned heroes 

42 



INTRODUCTION 

have ever with such tenderness treated their captives 
that their swords did but cut out work for their cour- 
tesies. Those that fell by their prowess sprung up 
by their favour, as if they had struck them down only 
to make them rebound the higher. I hope your High- 
ness, as you are the rival of their fame, will be no less 
of their virtues. The noblest trophy that you can 
erect to your honour is to raise the afflicted ; and, 
since you have subdued all opposition, it now remains 
that you attack yourself and with acts of mildness 
vanquish your victory. It is not long since, my Lord, 
that you knocked off the shackles from most of our 
party and by a grand release did spread your clem- 
ency as far as your territories. Let not new pro- 
scriptions interrupt our jubilee! Let not that your 
lenity be slandered as the ambush of your farther 
rigour! For the service of his Majesty, (if it be ob- 
jected,) I am so far from excusing it that I am ready 
to allege it in my vindication. I cannot conceive that 
my fidelity to my Prince should taint me in your opin- 
ion; I should rather expect it should recommend me 
to your favour. Had we not been faithful to our 
King, we could not have given ourselves to be so to 
your Highness; 3'ou had then trusted us gratis, 
whereas now we have our former loyalty to vouch for 
us. You see, my Lord, how much I presume upon 
the greatness of your spirit, that dare prevent my 
indictment with so frank a confession, — especially in 
this which I may so safely deny that it is almost arro- 
gance in me to own it! For the truth is^ I was not 

qualified enough to serve him; all I could do was to 

43 



INTRODUCTION 

bear a part in his sufferings and to give myself to be 
crushed with his fall. Thus my charge is doubled, 
my obedience to my Sovereign and (what is the re- 
sult of that) my want of a fortune. Now whatever 
reflection I have upon the former, I am a true penitent 
for the latter. My Lord, you see my crimes; as to 
my defense you bear it about you. I shall plead 
nothing in my justification but your Highness's clem- 
ency which as it is the constant inmate of a valiant 
breast, if you graciously please to extend to your sup- 
pliant in taking me out of this withering durance, 
your Highness will find that Mercy will establish you 
more than Power though all the days of your life were 
as pregnant with victories as your twice auspicious 
third of September. 

"Your Highness's humble and submissive petitioner 

"J. C." 

To one who thinks how the whole body of poets 
sang per order to the person in power, how men like 
Waller and even Dryden in '58 were writing pan- 
egyrics to Cromwell and in '60 panegyrics to Charles 
the Second, there is something refreshing in this let- 
ter. Here is one man at least who in adversity did 
not deny his master. 

Naturally this letter was enthusiastically received 

by his party. David Lloyd, writing in the security 

of the blessed Reformation, thus characterizes it : 

". . .he was undone first, and afterwards secured 

at Norwich, because he was poor and had not the 

wherewithall to live, whereupon he composed an Ad- 

44 



INTRODUCTION 

dresse to the Pageant Power at Whitehall of so much 
gallant Reason, and such towering Language, as 
looked bigger than his Highness, shrinking before the 
Majesty of his Pen (the only thing that ever I heard 
wrought upon him that had been too hard for all 
Swords) representing that of his Master and Cause, 
like Felix trembling, Paul flattered one of the meanest 
of three Nations, that he ruled, and ominously sent 
him to study the Law, which he saw would prevail, it 
being in vain to suppress that which was supported 
by the two greatest things in the World, Wit and 
Learning." Here Cromwell's motive for releasing him 
is fear; the Nineteenth-Century writers call it gener- 
osity. This is the way Carlyle treats the subject: 
"This is John Cleveland the famed Cantab scholar. 
Royalist Judge-Advocate, and thrice-illustrious Satir- 
ist and son of the Muses; who 'had gone through 
eleven editions' in those times, far transcending all 
Miltons and all mortals, — and does not now need any 
twelfth edition, that we hear of. Still recognisable 
for a man of lively parts, and brilliant petulant char- 
acter; directed, alas, almost wholly to the worship of 
clothes, — which is by nature a transient one! His 
good fortune quitted him, I think, nine years ago, 
when David Lesley took him prisoner in Newark. A 
stinging satire against the Scots had led Cleveland to 
expect at least martyrdom on this occasion ; but Les- 
ley merely said, 'Let the poor knave go and sell his 
ballads ;" and dismissed, — towards thin diet, and a 
darkness which has been deepening ever since. Very 

low, now at Norwich, where he is picked up by Colonel 

45 



INTRODUCTION 

Hajnes ; 'Thirty pounds a year' ; 'lives with a gentle- 
man to whom he is giving some instruction' ; — unfor- 
tunate son of the Muses. He indites a highflown 
magnanimous epistle to Cromwell, on this new misfor- 
tune; who magnanimously dismisses him, to 'sell his 
ballads' at what little they will bring." Carlyle's 
foot-note credits Bishop Percy, with the addition 
"very ignorantly told there," — rather comic criticism, 
as the original inventor of this pleasing tale is quoted 
word for word by him in the Biographia ! But where 
is the "magnanimity" in this action of Cromwell .^^ By 
1655 the Protectorate was firmly established, and if 
there were justice under that government, if the indi- 
vidual then had any rights at all, a tyrannical im- 
prisonment without trial on a frivolous charge should 
not only "magnanimously" be rectified, but rectified at 
once and with apologies. It is certainly to Cromwell's 
credit, however, that he was never too busy to be 
just. 

But however much writers may differ in regard to 
the reason, one and all agree on the essential fact that 
Cleveland was successful in his petition. Three 
months from November 22 brings the date of the let- 
ter some time in March, 1656 ; so probably by the 
summer of that year Cleveland was at liberty, but "he 
had contracted such a weakness and Disorder in 
Prison, as soon after brought him to his Grave." Ap- 
parently he continued his wanderings, as the 1677 
Preface says : "After many intermediate stages 
(which contended as emulously for his abode as the 

seven cities for Homer's birth) Grfty's Inn was his 

4Q 



INTRODUCTION 

last: which, when he had ennobled with some short 
residence also . . ." This is too vague chronolog- 
ically to aid us, but I think we are safe in saying 
that he spent the fall of '57 in Gray's Inn, London. 
Probably he here practiced law as Lloyd intimates. 
Ebsworth, following Carlyle, says he supported him- 
self by selling his poems; I imagine that he was 
strengthened in this inference by the fact that the 
first edition of his poems which he knew is that of 
1656. Unfortunately it is far from the first, and 
from the chaotic condition of the texts, I feel safe in 
saying that no edition whatever of his po€ms was ever 
published under his personal supervision, nor did he 
receive any profit from the sale. (For a discussion 
of this point, cf. App. D.) However, he is not en- 
tered in the Gray's Inn register. According to Wood, 
he found there "a generous Maecenas," who is prob- 
ably Williamson's "his, ever to be honoured, friend." 
Mr. Dymock-Fletcher, in the Loughborough "Adver- 
tiser," and Mr. Scollard, in the "Dial," conjecture 
this to be a gentleman by the name of Oneby. As I 
find a John Onebye admitted to Gray's Inn June 14, 
1651, who came from Hinckley, the probability seems 
almost a certainty. Ebsworth suggests Samuel But- 
ler, the author of "Hudibras," as the "friend" ; this 
would be pleasant if true, but as at that time he had 
not become famous, it is not probable. Aubrey is the 
authority for the statement "He, and Sam. Butler, 
&c. of Grayes Inne, had a clubb every night." Mr. 
Goadby says: "Nichols says this club included the 
author of 'Hudibras' ; but this could hardly have been 

47 



INTRODUCTION 

the case, as Mr. Robert Bell produces evidence to show 
that Butler was steward at Ludlow Castle in 1661, 
and had previously been in other similar situations. 
I have been unable to discover the name or members 
of this club, but I suspect it was the ^King's Club,' 
and that Cleaveland, like all the others, received the 
cognomen of 'King' Cleaveland, which he most cer- 
tainly deserved." I, on my part, have been unable to 
discover where Mr. Robert Bell makes such a state- 
ment. In his life of Butler, on the contrary, he says : 
"He belonged to a club of wits and loyalists that was 
frequented by Butler, and a close intimacy existed 
between them." So here I am at dead-center. Mr. 
Gosse, in the best of the recent biographies, says that 
no new discoveries about Butler have been made since 
those of Nash over a century ago, that great obscu- 
rity hangs over his life, and does not mention this par- 
ticular point at all. However, I think that here we 
may trust Aubrey, as certainly their names were never 
associated together in any other period of their 
lives. 

Here in Gray's Inn he only lived a few months. 
Probably the prison life had weakened his constitu- 
tion, for in the forty-fifth year of his age he died of 
an intermittent fever Thursday morning, April 29, 
1658. With all due honors, the body of "the most 
noted poet of his time" was carried to Hunsdon-house, 
and on May-day buried in the parish church of St. 
Michael Royal, on College-Hill, London. A Rev. 
Edward Thurman performed the service and the ser- 
mon was given by Dr. John Pearson, the author of the 

48 



INTRODUCTION 

"Exposition of the Creed," afterwards Bishop of 
Chester. The funeral is described as "splendid," and 
was very largely attended by the Royalists. The 
Church of St. Michael Royal, the burial-place of 
many of that party, now no longer exists, as it was 
destroyed by fire in 1666. His anagram, John Cleve- 
land Helicon Dew, is, in the delightful words of 
Fuller, "rather well endeavoured than exactly per- 
formed." There are eleven elegies in his works and 
several others quoted to which the same criticism 
equally well applies, and consequently I have omitted 
them from this edition; they have not even the inter- 
est of being written by w^ell-known men. But as some 
epitaph is needed in closing, let me again quote from 
Fuller: "A General Artist, Pure Latinist, Exquisite 
Orator, and (w^iich was his Master-Piece) Eminent 
Poet. His epithets w^ere pregnant with Metaphors, 
carrying in them a difficult plainness, difficult at the 
hearing, plain at the considering thereof. His lofty 
Fancy may seem to stride from the top of one Moun- 
tain to the top of another, so making to itself a con- 
stant Level and Champion of continued Elevations." 

The duty of an editor is not considered to have 
been fulfilled until he has given some account of the 
work of his author. Every poem may be regarded 
from two points of view, — the aesthetic value, and its 
relation to the whole body of literature. So far as 
the first is concerned, Cleveland's poems here are pre- 
sented to the reader, and if the "beauties of our 

worthy" are not obvious, they are not w^orth quota- 

49 



INTRODUCTION 

tion. But on the second head a few words may not be 
out of place. 

It is a commonplace to say that Elizabethan litera- 
ture, with Spenser as its poet and Shakespeare as its 
dramatist, is one of the great creative epochs. It is 
characterized, say the text-books, by spontaneity, mel- 
ody, and sensuosity; in fact, so much emphasis has 
been laid upon the first of these that there is a general 
impression that they produced great works without 
exactly knowing how and without a consciousness of 
the result. Even Shakespeare is supposed to be a 
genius but not an "artist" ; in our own time, who is so 
ignorant that he would hesitate to improve Shakes- 
peare by adapting him to the modern stage? That 
Shakespeare knew the effects he wished to produce 
and the means to be used to produce them is an heret- 
ical opinion which finds little favor with either the 
stage-managers or the general public. It comes as 
little short of a revelation that they in their times had 
the same critical theories and futile discussions which 
we are enjoying in our own. 

Actually, however, literature in the broad sense is 
correlative with life. It is governed by the law of 
supply and demand as is any other commodity. The 
reason for the dominance of the drama in the age of 
Elizabeth was due to certain social conditions ; the de- 
cline of the drama was equally due to the rise of cer- 
tain other social conditions. Under the Virgin Queen 
the vitality of the nation was at its highest point; it 
was exuberantly young. As Wordsworth says of the 

years of the French Revolution : 

50 



INTRODUCTION 

" Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive ; 

But to be young was very heaven. O times 
In which the meager, stale, forbidding ways 
Of custom, law, and statute took at once 
The attraction of a country in romance." 

When Spenser brought forth his dehcious dream of 
the glories of the English Queen, melodious, ideal, se- 
rene, the whole nation took up the chorus. The re- 
pulse of the Spanish Armada unified the national 
consciousness and all Enghsh hearts beat as one. 

This delightful condition lasted but a few years. 
As the danger from external sources passed away, 
the nation turned its attention to internal matters and 
parties began. Even before Elizabeth's death in 
1603, the appearance of the Martin Mar-Prelate 
pamphlets are the first indications of the coming 
strife. In 1604 King James called together the 
Hampton Court Conference, and from that time more 
and more the nation separated into two camps. Poli- 
tics became entangled with the ecclesiastical contro- 
versy, and the rights of the king were associated with 
the rights of the bishops. Thus all matters, both 
spiritual and temporal, came under discussion, and 
in place of the previous unity there was angry 
recrimination. 

With this change in the social conditions there was 
a corresponding change in the literary fashion. In 
the hands of his professed disciples, such as Browne 
or Bass, Spenser's lyre divine had degenerated into 
long poems easy and melodious, but full of intermin- 



INTRODUCTION 

able discussions about things not worth discussing, 
futile digressions, and silly dialogues. The new poets, 
under the brilliant leadership of Donne, reacted, in- 
troduced elaborate intellectual conceptions, careful, 
deliberate wording, and a harsh versification. Men 
whose minds were stimulated by the exciting affairs of 
cvery-day life turned with disgust from the insipid 
Willies and inane Marinas ; they demanded poetry of 
an intellectual cast. The literature of this time is 
chr.racterized by the use of "conceits." This peculi- 
arity consists in a kind of punning on ideas. Just as 
when the string of a violin is struck, there is one clear, 
simple tone and a series of overtones, so these poems 
have one main thought which suggests a series of 
quite different ideas. In Cleveland's "Fuscara," page 
63, the main idea is that a bee has alighted upon his 
mistress, crawled up her arm, and stung her ; the over- 
tones are that the bee is a confectioner, an alchemist, 
a freebooter, that her arm is paradise, that her hand 
is the essence of sweetness, etc. It was not profound 
thought that the age demanded; it was rather that 
fhey enjoyed the mental exercise of comprehending 
the play of ideas. 

This literature, peculiar to itself, has yet cer- 
tain forerunners in the age of Elizabeth. Lilly's 
"Euphues" (1578-9) has curious comparisons with 
fabulous beasts. Sylvester, in his translation of "Du 
Bartas" (1590), and Chapman, in his continuation of 
Marlowe's "Hero and Leander" (1598), show the be- 
ginnings of the movement. Oddly enough, contem- 
poraneously in Italy and Spain, in the work of Ma- 

52 



INTRODUCTION 

rino and Gongora, we find a somewhat similar devel- 
opment. Marino's influence upon these poets seems 
to have been exaggerated; his style is rather rich and 
flamboyant than "conceited." This may be illustrated 
by a quotation from the first idyll, "La Bruna Pasto- 
rella," in his "La Sampogna." The shepherdess Lilla 
asks : 

" Edonde cosi tardi 

Caro il mio Lidio, hor viensi, e dove vassi.'^ 

So che potea ben' io 

La tra le due fontana 
Nel vallon degli abeti hoggi aspertarti. 

To which Lidio responds: 

" Lilla mia, credi pure 

Che quando da te lunga una brev' hora 

Faccio altrove dimora, altra due fonti, 

Ma piu larghe e piu vive, 

Di quelle che dicesti, 

Mi discorron dagli occhi." ' 

This is simply exaggerated over-statement. In any 
case the reason for the popularity of this school lies 
deeper than mere imitation and translation. We may 
agree with Dr. Johnson in disliking this kind of 
poetry, but we must guard against the assumption so 
often made that the poets wrote it unconsciously and 
because they knew no better. This is distinctly un- 
true ; they were conscious literary artists, working for 
a definite object in response to the poetic demand of 
their time. 

Because Cleveland could satisfy that demand, he 
53 



INTRODUCTION 

was the most popular writer of the day. His mind, 
as we have seen in his prose, was pecuharly suited to 
this style. His influence can scarcely be exaggerated. 
Quotations have already been given on this point, but 
it is so important that a few more must be included. 
We have the best of testimony from one who was 
not inclined to exaggerate in his favor. Edward 
Phillips, Milton's nephew, evidently a little jealous 
for his uncle's reputation, thus sums up his remarks 
on Cleveland : "In fine, so great a Man hath Cleave- 
land been in the Estimation of the generality, in re- 
gard that his Conceits were out of the common road, 
and Wittily far fetch't, that Grave Men in outward 
appearance have not spar'd in my hearing to affirm 
him the best of English Poets, and let them think so 
still, who ever please, provided it be made no Article 
of Faith." But we have the still more positive proof : 
he was most extensively imitated. To "Clevelandize" 
was once as common as now it is to write "Carlylese" ; 
in '62, ri'uller notes: "Some who have Clevelandized, 
indeavouring to imitate his Masculine Stile, could 
never go beyond the Hermaphrodite, still betraying 
the weaker Sex in their deficient conceits" ; Dryden, in 
'68, defines "Clevelandism" as "wresting and tortur- 
ing a word into another meaning" ; and the '77 Preface 
complains that his reputation has been injured "by 
those that are ambitious to lay their Cuckows egges 
in his nest." In fact, it is just this condition which 
presents the greatest diflliculty to his editor ; certainly 
half of the poems contained in the edition of 1687, 
the "best" edition according to Lowndes, are only his 

6^ 



INTRODUCTION 

by courtesy. And it is for this reason that in general 
any stray remarks on Cleveland in works, otherwise 
standard, are usually worthless, as very naturally the 
writers were ignorant of this all-important fact, and 
have drawn their inferences from poems whose author- 
ship is doubtful. 

By these few quotations, selected almost at random 
from a number, the fact of his popularity is estab- 
lished. Let us now see what they admired and imi- 
tated. I shall quote again from the '77 Preface: 
"Yet how many such authors must be creamed and 
spirited to make up his 'Fuscara!' And how many 
of their slight productions may be gigged out of one 
of his pregnant words ! There perhaps you may find 
some leaf-gold, here massy wedges; there some scat- 
tered rays, here a galaxy; there some loose fancy 
frisking in the air, here wit's zodiac"; and David 
Lloyd says : "He was a general Artist, and a univer- 
sal Scholar, that had the patience to squeeze all the 
proper Learning that had any coherence with it, into 
each fancy, which ran like the soul it dwelled in in a 
minute, through the whole circle both of Sciences and 
Languages, by the strength of an exercised memory 
that conned out of books all it read; Mr. Cleveland 
reckoned himself to know just so much as he remem- 
bered, his fancy in his elaborate Pieces of Poetry, 
wherein he excelled, summing whole books into a Met- 
aphor, and whole Metaphors into an Epithite ..." 
Surely I have given sufficient quotations to show that 
the simple little lyrics, which we now admire and which 

are considered typical, are not characteristic. It is 

55 



INTRODUCTION 

putting it too strongly, but with a measure of truth, 
to say that we of this age applaud what were the fail- 
ures of the time. 

It is on this point that I take issue squarely with 
Mr. Gosse* in his opinion of the relative position of 
Cleveland and Waller. "We have hitherto noted no 
opposition to the new forms of poetical writing (that 
of Waller). . . . Waller put out his discovery, his 
fascinating new form, and the young poets only 
needed to perceive it, to understand what he was talk- 
ing about, to follow him like sheep." But there was 
a reaction. "The aim of these writers was to restore 
poetry to a rugged English force, to dismiss the ele- 
gancies of a Gallic style, and to strengthen verse 
without abandoning the overflow. ... A strong 
romantic poetry, freed from the tawdry ornament of 
the Marinists, was a middle course between Donne and 
Waller, which it would have been a happy thing if 
Cleveland could have seen his way to create. ... A 
bitter and determined foe to Marinism in his mature 
years, he began life as a Marinist of the most frantic 
species. . . . Cleveland betrays a curious sense of 
his own failure as a poet; he is on the borderland of 
distinction, but he never quite crosses it. He would 
have fain have made his gift of real service to the 
State. . . . But he was conscious all the time that 
he was not a force." Then follows the first four lines 
of the poem "Rupertismus," page 130. It seems to 
me that Mr. Gosse is mistaken here. The third edi- 

• " From Shakespeare to Pope " — by Edmund Gosse, New 
York, 1885. Pp. 156, ff. 

56 



INTRODUCTION 

tion of Waller's poems is dated 1668, and by that 
time there were certainly twenty of Cleveland's. 
There is something delightfully out of proportion 
in calling it a "reaction," particularly as Wal- 
ler's poems were only first published in 1645. The 
reaction must have been immediate and almost uni- 
versal ! Again, as there was no reaction, there could 
have been no such aim as Mr. Gosse suggests. But 
the most surprising statement is that Cleveland was 
"a bitter and determined foe to Marinism in his ma- 
ture years"; I cannot even guess at the reasoning 
which led to it. The last poem of his which may be 
accurately dated is "The King's Disguise," and that 
is as Marinistic as any. It is to be regretted that 
Bishop Lake did not see fit to tell us his principles of 
rejection, but as the case stands, before any inference 
can be based on any poem in Part III, it has first to 
be proved that he wrote that poem and certainly from 
internal criticism the absence of Marinism would mili- 
tate against his authorship. His next sentence is 
evidently an inference from the four lines which he 
quotes ; it seems to me that the facts are against him. 
If Cleveland was conscious that he was not a force in 
the State, to the best of my information he was cer- 
tainly ignorant of the effect of his own publications ; 
nor can I believe that any man whose works were con- 
tinually pirated and who was personally honored by 
his party, would be so self-condemnatory. It would 
be indeed a "curious sense of his own failure." My 
conception of Cleveland and his work is, as you have 
seen, utterly different from the modest role which Mr. 

67 



INTRODUCTION 

Gosse assigns him ; to me he is the last and most rep- 
resentative of the Metaphysicals, and to be studied by 
one who seeks a knowledge of that period. 

In regard to his experiments in verse, very little 
need be said, as you have them before you. But I 
should like to call your attention to the dactylic struc- 
ture in the poem of "Mark Antony." Mr. Gosse 
points out that Cleveland is here making the first de- 
liberate use of dactyls in English, with a few excep- 
tions in the Elizabethan verse which were apparently 
accidental. As Shipper shows, "Ihre Existenz in der 
enHischcn Literatur datiert allerdings wohl seit den 
friiher bereits erwahnten ersten Versuchen, den class- 
ischen Hexameter nachzubilden," but there also it is 
occasicnal. It has been said that Donne's "Twicken- 
ham Garden" begins with a line in this measure: 

<»^ mm V^ 

" Blasted with sighs and surrounded with tears,'* 

but as the first line of every other verse is an iambic 
pentameter, Lowell reads it as an iambic pentameter 
also, thus : 

" Blasted with sighs and surrounded with tears." 

However, in any case it was purely accidental; while 
ycu will notice here that Cleveland repeats the effect 
in all four verses. Almost this identical stanza form 
is used by Cunningham in his "Newcastle Beer" ; the 
variation here introduced, namely the omission of the 
refrain, changing the rhyme scheme from aaabccb to 
aabccb in the diameter portion, and lengthening the bb 

58 



INTRODUCTION 

lines to tetrameter, was followed by Scott in the well- 
known song in the "Lady of the Lake," "Hail to the 
Chief Who in Triumph Advances," and in "A Border 
Ballad," and by Swinburne in his "Word for the 
Country." So Cleveland must be ranked as the in- 
ventor of a popular stanza. In this connection, 
note also the metrical effects in "Square Cap," "The 
General Eclipse," and "How the Commencement 
Grows New." 

There is yet another side of his personality to be 
considered, namely his relation to the great authors 
of the time ; it is all inferential, however, except in the 
case of Butler. How well he knew Randolph it is 
impossible to say; one of his poems was included in 
Randolph's 1640 edition, which may show a connec- 
tion between the men. In "The Author to His Herm- 
aphrodite" he addresses Randolph as "Tom." Ran- 
dolph was a Fellow of Trinity when he was studying 
for his M.A. If this friendship could be proved, 
we should have the key to the appearance of Cleveland 
in the "Jonsonus Virbius," for Randolph was one of 
the "sons of Ben" and an enthusiastic admirer. 
Cleveland would then have a special interest in the 
aged poet, might even have been included in his 
"sons," and GifFord's conjecture as to the authorship 
of the second elegy, page 176, and the "Ode" would 
be almost substantiated. It must be said, nevertheless, 
that Cleveland, in his work, shows more acquaintance 
with Shakespeare than with Jonson. I do not believe 
that Milton and he were great friends. To be sure 

they were at the same college, but a difference of seven 

59 



INTRODUCTION 

years in age is greater then than at any other period 
of a man's Hfe. In his work he challenges compari- 
son in the two points already mentioned, in the 
''Oratio habita in Scholis Publicis cum officio Patris 
fungeretur," he certainly must have been the more 
successful ; but the poem on Edward King cannot for 
a moment be compared with "L3^cidas," although I 
think that it shows more personal feeling. 

With the case of Butler we are on more solid 
ground. If Aubrey is to be trusted, there was a close 
personal intimacy between them, and all agree that 
Cleveland, though the younger man, was Butler's lit- 
erary master. In 1657 Butler was utterly unknown, 
never having published anything, and Cleveland had a 
national reputation. The tricks, used but rarely by 
Cleveland in his formal satire, were emphasized by 
Butler for his burlesque effect. They used the same 
whimsical exaggeration and the same sharp epigram- 
matic wit to ridicule the same things; but with this 
difference, Butler could afford to laugh. In reading 
"Hudibras" one is continually reminded of Cleveland. 
Butler's characteristic artifices are the use of double 
rhymes, such as the couplet on page 123, lines 5 and 
6 ; and the rhetorical zeugma such as, 

" Sack possets, and the fundamental laws," page 149, line 100. 
Thus Butler's poem is but the logical development of 
Cleveland's suggestions. This does not detract from 
the value of "Hudibras" ; the wit is Butler's own, and 
it is to his credit that he was sufficiently clever to per- 
ceive what a powerful engine lay ready to his hand. 

Cleveland has also the honor of being the first 
6Q. 



INTRODUCTION 

"English" satirist, and therefore the father of a long 

line of brilliant writers ; "English" in comparison with 

the "Latin" satire of Donne and Hall. In 1593 and 

1597 Donne and Hall respectively wrote so-called 

satires. Each took for his model the Latin satirist 

Persius and, as an object, man in contradiction to men ; 

that is, they attacked types, and not individuals. 

Now Persius is obscure and the obscurity of the Latin 

satire in English, in the followers of Donne and Hall, 

is intentional, as is the universality of its application. 

Wither's "Abuses Stripped and Whipped" is of this 

class, and it is difficult to see why he should have been 

punished for it ; Cleveland's innovation was simply the 

introduction of personal for impersonal abuse. By 

this simple change he becomes the first of our satirists. 

He wrote personal attacks in the heroic couplet, and 

that form has become the typical one for this kind of 

work. I do not wish to over-estimate this position, 

because in the first place it was bound to come in any 

case, and secondly it was largely due to the temporal 

conditions. None of his political work antedates 

1640, and by that time the laws for licensing were so 

relaxed that it was possible to produce work which 

could not have passed the censorship a few years 

earlier. However, coming as he did, the right man in 

the right place, he left an indelible impress on the 

course of literature. It would be interesting to trace 

the influence of Cleveland upon Dry den; we know 

that Dryden was familiar with his work and many 

lines of Cleveland are curiously pre-Drydenic. 

In closing, let me say that it is remarkable that 
61 



INTRODUCTION 

Cleveland should have been so entirely forgotten. 
Other and less characteristic poets of the group are 
to be found in modern editions, but Cleveland, the 
great figure of his own time, a brilliant personality, a 
clever artist, "this eminent poet, the wit of our age," 
is unknown save to a few specialists. 



FUSCARA, OR THE BEE ERRANT 

Nature's confectioner, the bee, 
(Whose suckets are moist alchemy, 
The still of his refining mold 
Minting the garden into gold,) 
Having rifled all the fields 
Of what dainties Flora yields. 
Ambitious now to take excise 
Of a more fragrant paradise. 
At my Fuscara's sleeve arrived 

10 Where all delicious sweets are hived. 
The airy freebooter distrains 

First on the violet of her veins, 
Whose tincture, could it be more pure, 
His ravenous kiss had made it bluer. 
Here did he sit and essence quaffs 
Till her coy pulse had beat him off^ ; 
That pulse which he that feels may know 
Whether the world's long lived or no. 
The next he preys on is her palm, 
20 That almoner of transpiring balm; 
So soft, 'tis air but once removed; 
Tender as 'twere a jelly gloved. 
Here, while his canting drone-pipe scanned 
The mystic fiures of her hand, 
He tipples palmistry and dines 

11 The ayrie Freebooters distrains '59, '62, '65. 
25 He tipples Palmestry, and dives '53, '62, '65. 



On all her fortune-telling lines. 
He bathes in bliss and finds no odds 
Betwixt her nectar and the gods. 
He perches now upon her wrist, 

30 A proper hawk for such a fist, 
Making that flesh his bill of fare 
Which hungry cannibals would spare; 
Where lilies in a lovely brown 
Inoculate carnation. 
Her argent skin with or so streamed 
As if the milky way were creamed. 
From hence he to the woodbine bends 
That quivers at her finger's ends. 
That runs division on the tree 

40 Like a thick-branching pedigree. 
So 'tis not her the bee devours, 
It is a pretty maze of flowers ; 
It is the rose that bleeds, when he 
Nibbles his nice phlebotomy. 
About her finger he doth cling 
In the fashion of a wedding-ring, 
And bids his comrades of the swarm 
Crawl like a bracelet 'bout her arm. 
Thus when the hovering publican 

50 Had sucked the toll of all her span, 
Tuning his draughts with drowsy hums 
As Danes carouse by kettle-drums, 

26 On all her fortune telling lives. '53, '62, 'Q5. 
28 Betwixt the Nectar and the Gods. '53, '59. 

Betwixt this Nectar and the Gods. '77, '87, '99. 
39 That runs division on the three, '59, '62, 'G5. 
48 Crawl as a bracelet 'bout her arm, '53. 

Crawl on a bracelet 'bout her arm. '59, 'Q2, 'Q5. 

51 Turning his draughts with drousy hums, '62. 

64 



It was decreed, that poesie gleaned, 
The small familiar should be weaned. 
At this the errant's courage quails; 
Yet aided by his native sails 
The bold Columbus still designs 
To find her undiscovered mines. 
To the Indies of her arm he flies, ^ 
60 Fraught with east and western prize; 
Which when he had in vain essayed. 
Armed like a dapper lancepesade 
With Spanish pike, he broached a pore 
And so both made and healed the sore: 
For as in gummy trees is found 
A salve to issue at the wound, 
Of this, her breach, the like was true; 
Hence trickled out a balsam, too. 
But oh, what wasp was it that could prove 
70 Ravaillac to my Queen of Love ! 

The king of bees, now jealous grown 
Lest her beams should melt his throne, 
And finding that his tribute slacks, 
(His burgesses and state of wax 
Turned to a hospital, the combs 
Built rank and file like beadsmen's rooms,) 
And what they bleed but tart and sour 
Matched with my Danae's golden shower, 
Live honey all, the envious elf ^ 
80 Stung her 'cause sweeter than himself. 
Sweetness and she are so allied 
The bee committed parricide. 

70 Ratilias to my' Queen of Love? '53, '59, ^ J- 

71 The King of Bees now's jealous grown, 53, 59^ 

76 Build rank and file like Beads-mens rooms, 59, 65. 

65 



TO THE STATE OF LOVE 

OR THE senses' FESTIVAL 

I saw a vision yesternight 
Enough to sate a Seeker's sight ; 
I wished myself a Shaker there, 
And her quick pants my trembhng sphere. 
It was a she so ghttering bright, 
You'd think her soul an Adamite ; 
A person of so rare a frame. 
Her body might be lined with the same. 
Beauty's chiefest maid of honour, 
10 You may break Lent with looking on her. 
Not the fair Abbess of the skies 
With all her nunnery of eyes 
Can show me such a glorious prize ! 

And yet because 'tis more renown 
To make a shadow shine, she's brown, — 
A brown for which Heaven would disband 
The galaxy and stars be tanned ; 
Brown by reflection as her eye 
Dazzle's the summer's livery. 

2 Enough to tempt a seeker's sight, '53, '59, '62, '65. 

3 I wisht myself a shakes there. '62 

4 And her quick pulse my trembling sphere. '53, '59, '62, '65. 
8 Her body might be lin'd with 'same '53,* '62. 

10 You'd break a Lent with looking on her. '53, '59, '62, '65. 
19 Deals out the Summer's Livery. '77, '87, '99. 

66 



20 Old dormant windows must confess 

Her beams their glimmering spectacles ; 
Struck with the splendor of her face 
Do the office of a burning glass. 

Now where such radiant lights have shown 
No wonder if her cheeks be grown 
Sunburned, with lustre of her own. 

My sight took pay but (thank my charms !) 
I now impale her in mine arms, — 
(Love's compasses confining you, 
SO Good angels, to a circle too.) 
Is not the universe straight-laced 
When I can clasp it in the waist ? 
My amorous folds about thee hurled 
With Drake I girdle in the world ; 
I hoop the firmament, and make 
This, my embrace, the zodiac. 

How could thy center take my sense 
When admiration doth commence 
At the extreme circumference .^^ 

40 Now to the melting kiss that sips 
The jellied philtre of her lips; 
So sweet there is no tongue can praise 't 
Till transubstantiate with a taste. 
Inspired like Mahomet from above 
By the billing of my heavenly dove 

30 Good Angels to a compass too. '53, '59, '62, '65. 

33 My amorous foulds about these hurl'd, '65. 

My amorous Fold about thee hurl'd, '77, '87, '99. 

34 With Drake I compass in the World; '53, '59, '62, '65. 
36 How would thy center take my sense, '53, '59, '62, '65, 

67 



Love prints his signets in her smacks, 
Those ruddy drops of squeezing wax, 
Which, wheresoever she imparts, 
They're privy seals to take up hearts. 
50 Our mouths encountering at the sport 
My slippery soul had quit the fort 
But that she stopped the sally-port. 

Next to these sweets, her lips dispence 

(As twin conserves of eloquence,) 

The sweet perfume her breath affords, 

Incorporating with her words. 

No rosary this votress needs, — 

Her very syllables are beads; 

No sooner 'twixt those rubies born, 
60 But jewels are in ear-rings worn. 

With what delight her speech doth enter ; 

It is a kiss of the second venter. 
And I dissolve at what I hear 
As if another Rosamond were 
Couched in the labyrinth of my ear. 

Yet that's but a preludious bliss, 
Two souls pickeering in a kiss. 
Embraces do but draw the line, 
'Tis storming that must take her in. 
70 When bodies join and victory hovers 
'Twixt the equal fluttering lovers. 
This is the game ; make stakes, my dear ! 

53 Next to those sweets her lips dispence, '53, '59, '63, '65. 

61 With what delight our speech doth enter? y65. 

70 When bodies whine, and victory hovers '53, '59, '62, '65. 



Hark, how the sprightly chanticleer, 
(That Baron Tell-clock of the night, ) 
Sounds boutesel to Cupid's knight. 
Then have at all, the pass Is got, 
For coming off, oh, name it not ! 
Who would not die upon the spot? 



TO JULIA TO EXPEDITE HER PROMISE 

Since 'tis my doom, Love's undershrieve, 
Why this reprieve? 
Why doth my she advowson fly 

Incumbency ? 
Panting expectance makes us prove 
The antics of benighted love, 
And withered mates when wedlock joins, 
They're Hymen's monkeys, which he ties by the 
To play alas ! but at rebated f oins. [loins 

10 To sell thyself dost thou intend 

By candle's end, 

And hold the contract thus in doubt 

Life's taper out? 

Think but how soon the market fails; 

Your sex lives faster than the males; 

As if, to measure age's span, 

The sober Julian were the account of man 

Whilst you live by the fleet Gregorian. 

Now since you bear a date so short, 
20 Live double for it. 

How can thy fortress ever stand 

If it be not manned? 
The siege so gains upon the place 

11 By candle end? '62, '65. 

70 



Thou'lt find the trenches in thy face. 
Pity thyself then if not me, 
And hold not out, lest like Ostend thou be, 
Nothing but rubbish at delivery. 

The candidates of Peter's chair 

Must plead gray hair, 
30 And use the simony of a cough 

To help them off. 
But when I woo thus old and spent 
I'll wed by will and testament. 
No, let us love while crisped and curled ; 
The greatest honours, on the aged hurled. 
Are but furlows for another world. 

Tomorrow what thou tenderest me 

Is legacy. 
Not one of all those ravenous hours 
40 But thee devours. 

And though thou still requited be. 
Like Pelops, with soft ivory. 
Though thou consume but to renew, 
Yet Love as lord doth claim a Heriot due ; 
That's the best quick thing I can find of you. 

I feel thou art consenting ripe 

By that soft gripe. 

And those regealing crystal spheres. 
I hold thy tears 
50 Pledges of more distilling sweets 

Than the bath that ushers in the sheets. 

34 Line 34 is omitted in '59, '62, '65. 
51 The bath that ushers in the sheets, '53, '59, '62, '65. 

71 



Else pious Julia, angel-wise, 

Moves the Bethesda of her trickling eyes 

To cure the spittle world of maladies. 



THE HECATOMB TO HIS MISTRESS 

Be dumb you beggars of the rhyming trade, 
Geld your loose wits and let your Muse be spade. 
Charge not the Parish with your bastard phrase 
Of balm, ehxir, both the Indias, 
Of shrine, saint, sacrifice, and such as these 
Expressions, common as your mistresses. 
Hence you fantastic postillers m song. 
My text defeats your art, ties Nature's tongue. 
Scorns all her tinseled metaphors of pelt, 
10 Illustrated by nothing but herself. 
As spiders travel by their bowels spun 
Into a thread, and when the race is run 
Wind up their journey in a living clew, 
So is it with my poetry and you. 
From your own essence must I first untwine, 
Then twist again each panegyric hne. 
Reach then a soaring quill that I may wnte 
As with a Jacob's staff to take her height. 

3 Ch'ar'Jnot the parish with the bastard phrase-53 '59, '62. 
I olZC sain?, sacriledge, and such as these '53, 59, 

6 E^'p— s, common as their Mistresses^ ;53. '59, '62, '65. 
I r.'r/aUS rtat ttU\ Vk 'e. '65. 



Suppose an angel, darting through the air, 
20 Should there encounter a religious prayer 
Mounting to Heaven, that Intelligence 
Would for a Sunday-suit thy breath condense 
Into a body. Let me crack a string 
And venture higher. Were the note I sing 
Above Heaven's Ela, should I then decline 
And with a deep-mouthed gamut sound the line 
From pole to pole, I could not reach her worth, 
Nor find an epithet to shadow it forth. 
Metals may blazon common beauties ; she 
30 Makes pearls and planets humble heraldry. 
As, then, a purer substance is defined 
But by a heap of negatives combined, — 
Ask what a spirit is, you'll hear them cry 
It hath no matter, no mortality, — 
So can I not describe how sweet, how fair ; 
Only I say she's not as others are. 
For what perfection we to others grant, 
It is her sole perfection to want. 
All other forms seem in respect to thee 
40 The almanack's misshaped anatomy. 

Where Aries head and face. Bull neck and throat, 

22 Should for a Sunday-suit thy breath condense '53, '59, 
'62, '65. 

24 In venturing higher; were the note I sing, '53, '59, '62, '65. 

25 Above heavens Ela, should I undecline, '53, '59, '62, '65. 

26 And with a deep-mouth'd gammut sound agen, '53. 
And with a deep-mouth Gammat sound agen '59, '62, '65. 

28 Nor find an epethite to set it forth, '53, '59, '62, '65. 
3o Makes pearl and planets humble herauldry, '53. 
32 But by an heap of negatives combin'd; '77, '87. 
35 So can I not define how sweet, how fair, '53, '59, '62, '65. 

74 



The Scorpion gives the secrets, knees the Goat; 
A brief of hmbs foul as those beasts, or are 
Their name-sake signs in their strange character. 
As your philosophers to every sense 
Marry its object, yet with some dispense, 
And grant them a polygamy with all. 
And these their common sensibles they call, 
So is it with her who, stinted unto none, 
50 Unites all sense in each action. 

The same beam heats and lights; to see her well 
Is both to hear and see and taste and smell. 
For, can vou want a palate in your eyes 
When each of hers contains the beauteous prize, 
Venus's apple.? Can your eyes want nose 
Seeing each cheek buds forth a fragrant rose? 
Or can your sight be deaf to such a quick 
And well-tuned face, such moving rhetoric? 
Doth not each look a flash of hghtnmg feel 
60 Which spares the body's sheath, yet melts the 
steel ? 
Thy soul must needs confess or grant thy sense 
Corrupted with the object's excellence. 
Sweet magic, which can make five senses lie 

U Their name-sak'd signs in their strange eharacle. '59, '65. 
4.5 As the philosophers to every sense 53, «9% »- , "g*' , .g^ 
52 Is both io hear and feel, to taste and smel. 53, 59, 62, 
54 When each of his contains a double pnze 53 69. 

When each of hers contains a double prize, 62, 65. 
56 When from each eheek buds forth a fragrant rose? 53, 

5r o:i;:i:%ht be deaf if she ^^^J^^^^X^' 
18 A well-tun'd face such moving Rhetorick? 53, i*" °^- 
60 Which spares the bodies sheath, and melts the steel? 53. 

'59, '62-5. 

75 



Conjured within the circle of an eye ! 

In whom since all the five are intermixed, 

Oh now that Scaliger would prove his sixth ! 

Thou man of mouth, that canst not name a she 

Unless all Nature pay a subsidy. 

Whose language is a tax, whose musk-cat verse 

70 Voids nought but flowers for thy Muse's hearse, 
Fitter than Celia's looks, who in a trice 
Canst state the long disputed Paradise, 
And, (what Divines hunt with so cold a scent) 
Canst in her bosom find it resident ; 
Now come aloft, come now, and breathe- a vein. 
And give some vent unto thy daring strain. 
Say the astrologer who spells the stars, 
In that fair alphabet reads peace and wars, 
Mistakes his globe and in her brighter eye 

80 Interprets Heaven's physiognomy. 
Call her the Metaphysics of her sex, 
And say she tortures wits as quartans vex 
Physicians ; call her the squared circle ; say 
She is the very rule of Algebra. 
What e'er thou understand'st not, say it of her. 
For that's the way to write her character. 
Say this and more, and when thou hopest to raise 
Thy fancy so as to inclose her praise, — 
Alas poor Gotham, with thy cuckoo-hedge! 

90 Hyperboles are here but sacrilege. 

73 And with Divines hunt with so cold a scent, '53, '59, '62, '65. 

74 Can in her bosome finde it resident. '59, '62, '65. 

75 Now come aloft, come, come and breath a vein, '5S, '59, 

'62, '65. 
83 Physicians: call her the square circle, say '53, '59, '62, '65. 
85 What er'e you undertake not, say't of her, '53, '59, '62, '65. 

76 



Then roll up, Muse, what thou hast raveled out, 
Some comments clear not, but increase the doubt. 
She that affords poor mortals not a glance 
Of knowledge, but is known by ignorance — 
She that commits a rape on every sense, 
Whose breath can countermand a pestilence — 
She that can strike the best invention dead 
Till baffled poetry hangs down the head — 
She, she it is that doth contain all bliss 
100 And makes the world but her periphrasis. 



91 Then rouze up Muse, what thou hast reveal'd out, '53, '59, 
'62, '65. 

98 Till baffled poetry hangs down her head: '53, '65. 

99 She, she it is, sh6 that contains all bliss, '53, '59, '62, '65. 

77 



THE ANTIPLATONIC. 

For shame, thou everlasting wooer, 
Still saying grace and never falling to her! 
Love that's in contemplation placed 
Is Venus drawn but to the waist. 
Unless your flame confess its gender 
And your parley cause surrender, 
You are salamanders of a cold desire 
That live untouched amidst the hottest fire. 

What though she be a dame of stone, 
10 The widow of Pygmalion, 
As hard and unrelenting she 
As the new crusted Niobe, 
Or, (what doth more of statue carry,) 
A nun of the Platonic quarry.? 
Love melts the rigor which the rocks have bred- 
A flint will break upon a feather-bed. 

For shame, you pretty female elves. 

Cease thus to candy up your selves ; 

No more, you sectaries of the game, 
20 No more of your calcining flame ! 

Women commence by Cupid's dart 
2 Still saying Grace, and ne'er fall to her ! '77, '87. 
8 That live untoucht amid the hottest fire: '59, '65. 
11 An hard and unrelenting she, '59, '65, '77, '87. 

As hard and as relenting shee '62. 
13 Or what doth more of stature carry, '62. 
18 Cease for to candy up yourselves: '53, '59, '62, '65. 

78 



As a king hunting dubs a hart. 

Love's votaries enthrall each other's soul 

Till both of them live but upon parole. 

Virtue's no more in womankind 
But the green-sickness of the mind; 
Philosophy (their new delight) 
A kind of charcoal appetite. 
There is no sophistry prevails 
30 Where all-convincing love assails, 
But the disputing petticoat will warp, 
As skillful gamesters are to seek at sharp. 

The soldier, that man of iron, 
Whom ribs of horror all environ, 
That's strung with wire instead of veins 
In whose embraces you're in chains, 
Let a magnetic girl appear. 
Straight he turns Cupid's cuirassier. 
Love storms his lips, and takes the fortress in, 
40 For all the bristled turnpikes of his chin. 

Since love's artillery then checks 

The breastworks of the firmest sex. 

Come let us in affections riot. 

They are sickly pleasures keep a diet. 

Give me a lover bold and free, 

Not eunuched with formality. 

Like an embassador that beds a queen 

With the nice caution of a sword between. 

29 There's no sophistry prevails, '53. 

40 For all the bristled turnpike of his chin. '53, '59, '77, 

"81, '99. 
43 Come lets in aflfections riot, '59, '62, '65. 

79 



UPON PHILLIS WALKING IN A MORNING 
BEFORE SUN-RISING 

The sluggish morn as yet undressed, 
My PhilHs brake from out her east, 
As if she'd made a match to run 
With Venus, usher to the sun. 
The trees, (hke yeomen of the guard 
Serving her more for pomp than ward,) 
Ranked on each side, with loyal duty 
Weave branches to inclose her beauty. 
The plants, whose luxury was lopped 
10 Or age with crutches underpropped, 
(Whose wooden carcasses are grown 
To be but coffins of their own,) 
Revive, and at her general dole 
Each receives his ancient soul. 
The winged choristers began 
To chirp their matins, and the fan 
Of whistling winds like organs played, 
Until their voluntaries made 

5-8 By a change in the position of the parenthesis or by its 
omission the various editions slightly change the sense. 

6 Serving more for pomp than ward, '53, '59, '62, '65. 

7 Bank'd on each side with loyall duty, '53, '59, '62, '65. 

8 Wave branches to inclose her beauty, '53, '59, '62, '65. 
Weav'd branches to inclose her beauty. '58, '77, '87, '99. 

11 (Whose wooden carkases were grown '77, '87. 

18 Unto their Voluntaries, made '53, '59, '62, '65. 

19 The weakened Earth in Odors rise '59, '77, '87, '99. 

80 



The wakened Earth in odors rise 
20 To be her morning sacrifice 

The flowers, called out of their beds, 

Start and raise up their drowsy heads; 

And he that for their color seeks 

May find it vaulting in her cheeks, 

Where roses mix, — no civil war 

Between her York and Lancaster. 

The marigold (whose courtier's face 

Echoes the sun and doth unlace 

Her at his rise, — at his full stop 
30 Packs and shuts up her gaudy shop,) 

Mistakes her cue and doth display. 

Thus Phillis antedates the day. 

These miracles had cramped the sun 

Who, thinking that his kingdom's won, 

Powders with light his frizzled locks 

To see what saint his lustre mocks. 

The trembling leaves through which he played, 

Dappling the walk with light and shade 

Like lattice-windows, give the spy 
40 Room but to peep with half an eye; 

Lest her full orb his sight should dim 

And bid us all good night in him, 

Till she should spend a gentle ray 

To force us a new fashioned day. 

But what religious palsy's this 

24 May see it vaulting to her cheeks: '77, '87. 

26 Divides her York and Lancaster. '77, '87, 

34 Who fearing that his Kingdom's won, '77, '87. 

36 To see what Saints his lustre mocks. '53, '59, '62, '65. 

42 And bids us all good-night in him, '53. 

43 Till she would spend a gentle ray, '53, '59, '62, '65. 

81 



Which makes the boughs divest their bliss, 
And, that they might her footsteps straw, 
Drop their leaves in shivering awe? 
Phillis perceived and (lest her stay 
50 Should wed October unto May, 

And, as her beauty caused a Spring, 
Devotion might an Autumn bring) 
Withdrew her beams, yet made no night, 
But left the sun her curate-light. 



46 Which make the Bows divest their blisse; '87. 

49 Phillis perceives, (and least her stay '53, '59, '62, '65. 

82 



TO MRS. K. T. 

(Who asked him why; he was dumb. Written Calente calamo.) 

Stay, should I answer, Lady, then 

In vain would be your question : 

Should I be dumb, why then again 

Your asking me would be in vain. 

Silence nor speech, on neither hand, 

Can satisfy this strange demand. 

Yet, since your will throws me upon 

This wished contradiction, 

I'll tell you how I did become 
10 So strangely, as you hear me, dumb. 

Ask but the chap-fallen Puritan. 

'Tis zeal that tongue-ties that good man. 

(For heat of conscience all men hold 

Is the only way to catch their cold.) 

How should Love's zealot then forbear 

To be your silenced minister? 

Nay your Religion which doth grant 

A worship due to you, my Saint, 

Yet counts it that devotion wrong 
go That does it in the Vulgar Tongue. 

My ruder words would give offence 

To such an hallowed excellence. 

As the English dialect would vary 

The goodness of an Ave Mary. 

5 Silence, nor Speech, on either hand, '77, '87. 
14 Is th' only way to catch that cold:) '77, '87. 

83 



How can I speak that twice am checked 

By this, and that rehgious sect? 

Still dumb, and in your face I spy 

Still cause and still divinity. 

As soon as blest w^ith your salute 
30 My manners taught me to be mute. 

For, lest they cancel all the bliss 

You signed w^ith so divine a kiss. 

The lips you seal must needs consent 

Unto the tongue's imprisonment. 

My tongue in hold, my voice doth rise 

With a strange Ela to my eyes, 

Where it gets bail, and in that sense 

Begins a new found eloquence. 

Oh listen with attentive sight 
40 To what my prating eyes indite ! 

Or, Lady, since 'tis in your choice 

To give or to suspend my voice, 

With the same key set ope the door 

Wherewith you locked it fast before. 

Kiss once again, and when you thus 

Have doubly been miraculous. 

My Muse shall write with handmaid's duty 

The Golden Legend of your beauty. 

He whom his dumbness now confines 
50 Intends to speak the rest by signs. 

99 As soon as blest with your Salute, 

My Manners taught me to be mute, 

Lest I should cancel all the Bliss 

You sign'd with so divine a Kiss. '77, '87. 
37 Where it gets hail, and in that sense '53, '59, '62, '65. 
40 To what my pratling eyes endite; '53, '59, '62, '65. 
47 My Muse shall write with Handmaid Duty '77, '87. 
50 But means to speak the rest by signes. '53, '59, '62, '65. 

84 



A FAIR NYMPH SCORNING A BLACK BOY 
COURTING HER 



Nymph. Stand off, and let me take the air. 

Why should the smoke pursue the fair.? 
Boy. My face is smoke, thence may be guessed 

What flames within have scorched my breast. 
Nymph. The flame of love I cannot view 

For the dark lantern of thy hue. 
Boy. And yet this lantern keeps Love's taper 

Surer than yours that's of white paper. 

Whatever midnight hath been here, 
10 The moonshine of your light can clear. 

Nymph. My moon of an eclipse is 'fraid, 

If thou should'st interpose thy shade. 
Boy. Yet one thing, Sweetheart, I will ask; 

Take me for a new fashioned mask. 
Nymph. Yes, but my bargain shall be this, 

I'll throw my mask off when I kiss. 
Boy. Our curled embraces shall delight 

To checker limbs with black and white. 
Nymph. Thy ink, my paper, make me guess "l 
20 Our nuptial bed will prove a press, 

5 Thy flaming Love I cannot view, '77, '87, '99. 
9 What ever Midnight can be here, '77, '87, '99. 
10 The Moon-shine of your Face will clear. '77, '87, '99. 

14 Buy for me a new false Mask. '53, '59, '62, '65. 

15 Done: but my Bargain shall be this, '77, '87, '99. 
90 Our Nuptial bed will make a presse; '53, '62. 

85 



And in our sports, if any came, 

They'll read a wanton epigram. 
Boy. Why should my black thy love impair .f^ 

Let the dark shop commend the ware ; 

Or, if thy love from black forbears, 

I'll strive to wash it off with tears. 
Nymph. Spare fruitless tears, since thou must needs 

Still wear about thee mourning weeds. 

Tears can no more affection win 
30 Than wash thy Ethiopian skin. 



21 And in our sports if any come, '77, '87, '99. 

24 Let the dark Shop commend thy Ware; '53, '59, '62, *65. 

28 Still wear about the mourning weeds: '53. 

Still wear about thy mourning weeds. '77, '87, '99. 
30 Than wash the Aethiopian skin, '59, '62, '65. 

86 



A YOUNG MAN TO AN OLD WOMAN 
COURTING HIM 

Peace, Beldam Eve, surcease thy suit ; 

There's no temptation in such fruit; 

No rotten medlars, whilst there be 

Whole orchards in virginity. 

Thy stock is too much out of date 

For tender plants to inoculate. 

A match with thee thy bridegroom fears 

Would be thought incest in his years, 

Which, when compared with thine, become 
10 Odd money to thy grandam sum. 

Can wedlock know so great a curse 

As putting husbands out to nurse? 

How Pond and Rivers would mistake 

And cry new almanacks for our sake. 

Time sure hath wheeled about this year, 

December meeting Janiveer. 

The Egyptian serpent figures Time, 

And stripped, returns unto his prime. 

If my affections thou wouldst win, 
20 First cast thy hieroglyphic skin. 
My modern lips know not, alack! 

7 A match with thee the Bridgegroom fears '77, '87, '99. 

8 Would be thought interest in his yeares, '53, '59, '62, '65, 

9 Wch when compar'd to thine become '53, '59, '62, '77, '87, '99. 
15 Time sure hath wheel'd about his Year, '59, '65, '77, '87, '99. 
18 And strip'd, returns into his prime. '77, '87, '99. 

87 



The old religion of thy smack. 

I count that primitive embrace 

As out of fashion as thy face. 

And yet, so long 'tis since thy fall, 

Thy fornication's classical. 

Our sports will differ ; thou must play 

Lero, and I Alphonso way. 

I'm no translator, have no vein 
30 To turn a woman young again. 

Unless you'll grant the tailor's due, 

To see the fore-bodies be new. 

I love to wear clothes that are flush, 

Not prefacing old rags with plush, 

Like aldermen, or under-shrieves 

With canvass backs and velvet sleeves: 

And just such discord there would be 

Betwixt thy skeleton and me. 

Go study salve and treacle, ply 
40 Your tenant's leg or his sore eye. 

Thus matrons purchase credit, thank 

Six pennyworth of mountebank; 

Or chew thy cud on some delight 

That thou didst taste in 'eighty-eight; 

Or be but bed-rid once, and then 

Thou'lt dream thy youthful sins again. 

But if thou needs wilt be my spouse, 

First hearken and attend my vows. 

27 Our sports will differ, thou incay'st play '53, '59, '62, '65. 
35 Like Aldermen, or Monster-Sheriffs, '53, '59, '62, '65. 

37 And just such discords there would be '65. 

38 Betwixt the Skeleton and me. '59, '62, '65. 

44 Thou takest in thy Eighty Eight. '53, '59, '62, '65. 

45 Oh be but Bed-rid once, and then '59, '65, '87, '99. 

88 



When ^Etna's fires shall undergo 
50 The penance of the Alps in snow; — 
When Sol at one blast of his horn 
Posts from the Crab to Capricorn ; — 
When the heavens shall shuffle all in one 
The Torrid with the Frozen Zone ; — 
When all these contradictions meet, 
Then, Sybil, thou and I will greet. 
For all these similes do hold 
In my young heat and thy dull cold. 
Then, if a fever be so good 
60 A pimp as to inflame thy blood. 

Hymen shall twist thee and thy page. 
The distinct tropics of man's age. 
Well, Madame Time, be ever bald. 
I'll not thy periwig be called. 
I'll never be, stead of a lover, 
An aged chronicle's new cover. 



53 When the Heavens shufHe all in one, '53, '77, '87, '99. 
62 The distinct Tropick of mans age., '53, '59, '62, '65. 

89 



UPON A MISER WHO MADE A GREAT 

FEAST, AND THE NEXT DAY DIED 

FOR GRIEF 

Nor scapes he so ; our dinner was so good 
My liquorish Muse cannot but chew the cud, 
And what dehght she took in th' invitation 
Strives to taste o'er again in this relation. 
Alter a tedious grace in Hopkins' rhyme, 
Not for devotion but to take up time. 
Marched the trained-band of dishes, ushered there 
To show their postures and then as they w^ere. 
For he invites no teeth ; perchance the eye 

10 He will afford the lover's gluttony. 
Thus is our feast a muster, not a fight. 
Our weapons, not for service but for sight. 
But are we tantalized? Is all this meat 
Cooked by a limner for to view, not eat.? 
The astrologers keep such houses when they sup 
On joints of Taurus or the heavenly Tup. 
/ Whatever feasts he made are summed up here. 
His table vies not standing with his cheer. 
His churchings, christenings, in this meal are all, 

20 And not transcribed but in the original. 

3 And what delight she took in th' imitation, '53. 

4 Strives to cast o're again in this relation. '53, '59, '62, '65. 
11 This is a feast, a muster, not a fight, '53, '59, '62, '65. 

16 On joynts of Taurus or their heavenly Tup, '53, '59, '65. 

17 Whatever feasts De made are summed up here, '53, '59, 

'62, '65. 

90 



Christmas is no feast movable ; for lo, 

The self same dinner was ten years ago ! 

'Twill be immortal if it longer stay. 

The gods will eat it for ambrosia. 

But stay a while ; unless my whinyard fail 

Or is enchanted, I'll cut off th' entail. 

Saint George for England then ! have at the 
mutton 

Where the first cut calls me bloodthirsty glutton. 

Stout Ajax with his anger-coddled brain 
BO Killing a sheep thought Agamemnon slain ; 

The fiction's now. proved true; wounding the roast 

I lamentably butcher up mine host. 

Such sympathy is with his meat, my weapon 

Makes him an eunuch when it carves his capon. 

Cut a goose leg and the poor fool for moan 

Turns cripple too, and after stands on one. 

Have you not heard the abominable sport 

A Lancaster grand- jury will report? 

The soldier with his Morglay watched the mill; 
40 The cats they came to feast, when lusty Will 

Whips off great puss's leg which (by some charm) 

Proves the next day such an old woman's arm. 

It's so with him whose carcass never scapes 

28 When the first cut calls me bloodthirsty glutton: '53, '59, 

'62, '65. 
31 The fiction's now proved true; wounding his roast, '53, '59, 

'62, '65. 

34 Makes him an eunuch, when it serves his capon; '65. 

35 Cut a goose leg, and the poor soul for moan, '53, '59, '63, '65. 
43 'Tis so with him, whose carcase never scapes, '53, '59, 

'62, '65. 

91 



But still we slash him in a thousand shapes. 
Our serving-men (like spaniels) range to spring 
The fowl which he had clucked under his wing. 
Should he on woodcock or on widgeon feed 
It were, Thyestes like, on his own breed. 
To pork he pleads a superstition due, 

50 But we subscribe neither to Scot nor Jew. 
No liquor stirs; call for a cup of wine. 
'Tis blood we drink ; we pledge thee Cataline. 
Sauces we should have none, had he his wish. 
The oranges in the margin of his dish 
He with such huckster's care tells o'er and o'er, 
The Hesperian dragon never watched them more. 
But being eaten now into despair, 
(Having nought else to do) he falls to prayer. 
"Thou that didst once put on the form of bull 

60 And turned thine lo to a lovely mull. 

Defend my rump, great Jove, allay my grief, 
O spare me this, this monumental beef!" 
But no amen was said ; see, see it comes ! 
See how his blood doth with the gravy swim 

44 But still we slash them in a thousand shapes; '53, '59, 
'62, '65. 

46 The fowl when he hath clocked under her wing. '53, '59, 

'62, '65. 

47 Should he on widgeon, and on woodcock feed, '53, '59, 

'62, '65. 
50 But not a mouth is muzzled by the Jew. '53, '59, '62, '65. 
51-2 This couplet is omitted in '53, '59, '62, '65. 

54 The oranges i' th' margent of the dish, '53, '59, '62, '65. 

55 He with such hucksters tells them o'er and o'er, '53, '59, 
'62, '65. 

59 As thou didst once put on the form of bull, '53, '59, '62, '65. 
61-2 Defend my rump great Jove, grant this poor beef 

May live to comfort me in all this grief. '53, '59, '62, '65. 
92 



Draw, boys; let trumpets sound and strike up 

drums. 
And every trencher hath a limb of him. 
The venison's now in view, our hounds spend 

deeper. 
Strange deer, which in the pasty hath a keeper 
Stricter than in the park, making his guest, 

70 (As he had stolen it alive) to steal it drest! 
The scent was hot and we, pursuing faster 
Than Ovid's pack of dogs e'er chased their master, 
A double prey at once may seize upon, 
Acteon, and his case of venison. 
Thus was he torn alive ; to vex him worse 
Death serves him up now as a second course. 
Should we like Tracians our dead bodies eat. 
He would have lived only to save his meat. 
Lastly ; we did devour that corpse of his 

80 Throughout all Ovid's Metamorphoses. 



70 (As he hath stoln't alive) to steal it drest: '53, '59, '62, '65. 
73 A double prey at once we seize upon, '77, '87, '99. 
79-80 The last couplet is omitted in '53, '59, '62, '65. 

93 



UPON AN HERMAPHRODITE- 

Sir, or Madame, choose you whether! 
Nature twists you both together 
And makes thy soul two garbs confess, 
Both petticoat and breeches dress. 
Thus we chastise the God of Wine 
With water that is feminine. 
Until the cooler nymph abate 
His wrath, and so concorporate, 
Adam, till his rib was lost, 

10 Had both sexes thus engrossed. 

When Providence our Sire did cleave 
And out of Adam carved Eve, 
Then did man 'bout wedlock treat, 
To make his body up complete. 
Thus matrimony speaks but thee 
In a grave solemnity. 
For man and wife make but one right 
Canonical hermaphrodite. 
Ravel thy body, and I find 

20 In every limb a double kind. 

Who would not think that head a pair 
That breeds such faction in the hair.? 
One half so churlish to the touch 



2 Nature twist'd you both together; '53, '59, '62, '65. 
10 Had the Sexes thus ingrost. '77, '87, '99. 
22 That breeds such factions in the hair? '53, '59, '62, '65. 

H 



That, rather than endure so much 

I would my tender limbs apparel 

In Regulus his nailed barrel: 

But the other half so small 

And so amorous withall 

That Cupid thinks each hair doth grow 
30 A string for his invisible bow. 

When I look babies in thine eyes 

Here Venus, there Adonis, lies. 

And though thy beauty be high noon 

Thy orb contains both sun and moon. 

How many melting kisses skip 

'Twixt thy male and female lip, — 

'Twixt thy upper brush of hair 

And thy nether beard's despair? 

When thou speak'st (I would not wrong 
40 Thy sweetness with a double tongue,) 

But in every single sound 

A perfect dialogue is found. 

Thy breasts distinguish one another, 

This the sister, that the brother. 

When thou join'st hands my ear still fancies 

The nuptial sound, I, John, take Frances. 

Feel but the difference soft and rough; 

This is a gauntlet, that a muff. 

Had sly Ulysses, at the sack 
50 Of Troy, brought thee his pedlar's pack 

And weapons too, to know Achilles 



25 It would my tender limbs apparrell '53, '59, '62, '65. 

26 With Regulus his nailed Barrel: '77, '87. 
30 A string of his invis'ble bow. '62. 

48 This a Gantlet, that a Muff, '77, '87, '99. 

95 



From King Lycomedes' Phillis, 
His plot had failed; this hand would feci 
The needle, that the warlike steel. 
When music doth thy pace advance, 
Thy right leg takes the left to dance. 
Nor is 't a galliard danced by one 
But a mixed dance, though alone. 
Thus every heteroclitic part 
60 Changes gender but thy heart. 

Nay those, which modesty can mean 
But dare not speak, are epicene. 
That gamester needs must overcome 
That can play both Tib and Tom. 
Thus did Nature's mintage vary, 
Coining thee a Phillip and Mary. 



52 From King Nichomedes Phillis, '53, '62. 
From King Lycomedes, Phillis '77, '87, '99. 

58 But a mixt Dance, though all alone '87, '99. 

59 Thus every heteroclite part '53, '59, '62, '65. 
Thus every Het' roclite apart '77, '87, '99. 

The emendation above is the substitution of the other form 
of the adjective, and satisfies both the sense and the 
rhythm. 

60 Changes gender, not the heart. '53, '59, '62, '65. 

64 That can play both with Tib and Tom. '77, '87, '99. 



THE AUTHOR TO HIS HERMAPHRODITE 

(Made after Mr. Randolph's death, yet inserted into his Poems.) 

Problem of sexes! Must thou likewise be 

As disputable in thy pedigree? 

Thou twins in one, in whom Dame Nature tries 

To throw less than aums ace upon two dice. 

Wert thou served up two in one dish, the rather 

To split thy sire into a double father? 

True, the world's scales are even; what the main 

In one place gets, another quits again. 

Nature lost one by thee, and therefore must 

10 Slice one in two to keep her number just. 
Plurality of livings is thy state. 
And therefore mine must be impropriate. 
For, since the child is mine and yet the claim 
Is intercepted by another's name. 
Never did steeple carry double truer ; 
His is the donative and mine the cure. 
Then say, my Muse, (and without more dispute) 
Who 'tis that fame doth superinstitute. 
The Theban wittal, when he once describes 

20 Jove in his rival, falls to sacrifice. 

That name hath tipped his horns; see, on his 
A health to Hans-in-kelder Hercules ! [knees ! 

Nay, sublunary cuckolds are content 

8 In one gets place, another quits again. '62. 
20 Jove is his rival, falls to sacrifice. '77, '87, '99. 

97 



To entertain their fate vrith ccmplimcnt; 

And shall not he be proud whom Randopli deigns 

To quarter with his Muse both arms and brains? 

Gramcrcy Gossip, I rejoice to see 

Th' hast got a leap of such a barbary. 

Talk not of horns, horns are the poet's crest; 

30 For, since the Muses left their former nest 
To found a nunnery in Randolph's quill. 
Cuckold Parnassus is a forked hill. 
But stay, I've waked his dust, his marble stirs 
And brings the worms for his compurgators. 
Can ghost have natural sons.^^ Say, Og, is't meet 
Penance bear date after the winding sheet .^ 
Were it a Phoenix, (as the double kind 
May seem to prove, being there's two combined,) 
I would disclaim my right, and that it were 

40 The lawful issue of his ashes swear. 

But was he dead? Did not his soul translate 

Herself into a shop of lesser rate ; 

Or break up house, like an expensive lord 

That gives his purse a sob and lives at board? 

Let old Pythagoras but play the pimp 

And still there's hope 't may prove his bastard 

imp. 
But I'm profane; for, grant the world had one 
With w^hom he might contract an union, 
They two were one, yet like an eagle spread, 

50 I' th' body joined, but parted in the head. 

For you, my brat, that pose the Porphery Chair, 

28 She'th got a leap of such a barbary. '53, '59, '62, '35. 
39 It would disclaim my right, and that it were '53, '59, '62, '65. 
44 That gives his purse a fob, and lives at board? '53, '62. 

98 



Pope John, or Joan, or whatsoe'er you are, 
You are a nephew ; grieve not at your state. 
For all the world is illegitimate. 
Man cannot get a man, unless the sun 
Club to the act of generation. 
The sun and man get man, thus Tom and I 
Are the joint fathers of my poetry. 
For since, blest shade, thy verse is male but mine 
60 Of the weaker sex, a fancy feminine. 

We'll part the child, and yet commit no slaughter ; 
So shall it be thy son and yet my daughter. 



58 Ar6 the joint fathers of thy poetry. '53. 

Are the joint fathers of the poetry, '59, '62, '65. 

59 For since (blest shade) this verse is male, but mine, '53, 

'59, '62, '65. 

. . . 99 



ON THE MEMORY OF MR. EDWARD KING, 
DROWNED IN THE IRISH SEAS 

I like not tears in tune, nor do I prize 
His artificial grief who scans his eyes. 
]\Iine weep down pious beads, but why should I 
Confine them to the Muse's rosary? 
I am no poet here ; my pen's the spout 
Where the rain-water of mine eyes runs out 
In pity of that name, whose fate we see 
Thus copied out in grief's hydrography. 
The Muses are not mermaids, though upon 

10 His death the ocean might turn Helicon. 

The sea's too rough for verse ; who rhymes upon 't 
With Xerxes strives to fetter the Hellespont. 
My tears will keep no channel, know no laws 
To guide their streams, but like the waves, their 
Run with disturbance till they swallow me [cause, 
As a description of his misery. 
But can his spacious virtue find a grave 
Within the imposthumed bubble of a wave? 
Whose learning if we found, we must confess 

20 The sea but shallow and him bottomless. 

Could not the winds to countermand thy death 

With their whole card of lungs redeem thy breath ? 

6 Where the rain water of mine eyes run out '53, '59, '62, ^65, 
'77, '87, '99. 
li To guide the streams; but (like the waves their cause) '59, 

'62. '65. 
21 Could not the wind to countermand thy death '53. 

100 



Or some new island In thy rescue peep 

To heave thy resurrection from the deep, 

That so the world might see thy safety wrought 

With no less wonder than thyself was thought? 

The famous Stagirite, (who in his life 

Had Nature as familiar as his wife,) 

Bequeathed his widow to survive with thee, 

30 Queen Dowager of all philosophy. 
An ominous legacy, that did portend 
Thy fate and predecessor's second end. 
Some have affirmed that what on earth we find. 
The sea can parallel in shape and kind. 
Books, arts, and tongues were wanting. 
But in thee Neptune hath got an university. 
We'll dive no more for pearls; the hope to see 
Thy sacred reliques of mortality 
Shall welcome storms, and make the seaman prize 

40 His shipwreck now more than his merchandize. 
He shall embrace the waves and to thy tomb 
As to a royaler exchange shall come. 
What can we now expect .-^ Water and fire, 
Both elements our ruin do conspire. 
And that dissolves us which doth us compound. 
One Vatican was burnt, another drowned. 
We of the gown our libraries must toss 
To understand the greatness of our loss ; 
Be pupils to our grief and so much grow 

50 In learning as our sorrows overflow. 

When we have filled the rundlets of our eyes 
We'll issue 't forth and vent such elegies 
As that our tears shall seem the Irish Seas, 
We floating Islands, living Hebrides. 

34 The sea can parallel for shape and kind, '77, '87, '99. 

101 



MARK ANTONY 

When as the nightingale chanted her vespers 

And the wild forester couched on the ground, 
Venus invited me in th' evening whispers 
Unto a fragrant field with roses crowned, 
Where she before had sent 
My wishes complement; 
Unto my heart's content 
Played with me on the green. 
Never Mark Antony 
10 Dallied more wantonly 

With the fair Egyptian Queen. 

First on her cherry cheeks I mine eyes feasted, 

Thence fear of surfeiting made me retire; 
Next on her warmer lips, which, when I tasted. 
My duller spirits made active as fire. 
Then we began to dart. 
Each at another's heart. 
Arrows that knew no smart. 
Sweet lips and smiles between. 
20 Never Mark, &c. 

Wanting a glass to plait her amber tresses 
Which like a bracelet rich decked mine arm, 

15 My duller spirits made me active as fire. '77, '87, '99. 

102 



Gaudier than Juno wears when as she graces 
Jove with embraces more stately than warm, 
Then did she peep in mine 
Eyes' humour crystaUine; 
I in her eyes was seen 
As if we one had been 
Never Mark, &c. 

30 Mystical grammar of amorous glances ; 
Feeling of pulses, the physic of love; 
Rhetorical courtings and musical dances ; 
' Numbering of kisses arithmetic prove ; 
Eyes like astronomy; 
Straight-limbed geometry; 
In her art's ingeny 
Our wits were sharp and keen. 
Never Mark Antony 
Dallied more wantonly 
With the fair Egyptian Queen. 



37 Our wits are sharp and keen. '53, '59, '62, '65. 

103 



THE AUTHOR'S MOCK SONG TO 
MARK ANTONY. 

When as the nightingale sang Pluto's matins 
And Cerberus cried three amens at a howl, 
When night-wandering witches put on their 
pattens, 
Midnight as dark as their faces are foul; 
Then did the furies doom 
That the nightmare was come. 
Such misshapen groom 
Puts down Su. Pomfret clean. 
Never did incubus 
10 Touch such a filthy sus 

As this foul gypsy quean. 

First on her gooseberry lips I mine eyes blasted. 

Thence fear of vomiting made me retire 
Unto her bluer lips, which when I tasted. 

My spirits were duller than Dun in the mire. 
But then her breath took place 
Which went an usher's pace 
And made way for her face ! 
You may guess what I mean. 
20 Never did, &c. 



1 But as the night-raven sung Pluto's matins, '53, '59, '62, '65. 
.6 But when her breath took place, '77, '87, '99. 
101 



Like snakes engendering were platted her tresses, 

Or like to slimy streaks of ropy ale ; 
Uglier than Envy wears, when she confesses 
Her head is periwigged with adder's tail. 
But as soon as she spake 
I heard a harsh mandrake. 
Laugh not at my mistake, 
Her head is epicene. 
Never did, &c. 

30 Mystical magic of conjuring wrinkles ; 

Feehng of pulses, the palmestry of hags ; 
Scolding out belches for rhetoric twinkles ; 

With three teeth in her head like to three gags ; 
Rainbows about her eyes 
And her nose, weather-wise; 
From them the almanac lies, 
Frost, Pond, and Rivers clean. 
Never did incubus 
Touch such a filthy sus 
40 As this foul gypsy quean. 



23 Or like slimy streaks of ropy ale; '53, '59, '62, '65. 
23 Uglier then Envy wears, when she confesses '59, '62, '65. 

105 



HOW THE COMMENCEMENT GROWS NEW. 

'Tis no coranto-news I undertake ; 
New teacher of the town I mean not to make ; 
No New England voyage my Muse does intend; 
No new fleet, no bold fleet, nor bonny fleet send. 
But, if you'll be pleased to hear out this ditty, 
I'll tell you some news as true and as witty. 
And how the Commencement grows new. 

See how the simony doctors abound, 
All crowding to throw away forty pound. 
10 They'll now in their wives' stammel petticoats 
vapour 
Without any need of an argument draper. 
Beholding to none, he neither beseeches 
This friend for venison nor the other for speeches, 
And so the Commencement grows new. 

Every twice a day the teaching gaff'er 

Brings up his easter-book to chaft'er ; 

Nay, some take degrees who never had steeple, — 

1 It is no Curranto-news I undertake, '53, '59, '62, '65. 

4 No new fleet, no bald fleet, nor bonny fleet send: '77, '87, '99. 

No new fleet, no bold fleet, nor bony fleet send, 'C?, '65. 
6 But if you'll be pleased to hear but this ditty, '53, '59, 

'62, '65. 
15 Every twice a day teaching gaflfer '53, '59, '62, '65. 

106 



Whose means, like degrees, come from placers of 

people. 
They come to the fair and, at the first pluck, 
20 The toll-man Barnaby strikes 'um good luck. 
And so the Commencement grows new. 

The country parsons, they do not come up 
On Tuesday night in their own College to sup ; 
Their bellies and table-books equally full. 
The next lecture-dinner their notes forth to pull ; 
How bravely the Margaret-professor disputed, 
The homilies urged, and the school-men confuted ; 
And so the Commencement grows new. 

The inceptor brings not his father the clown 
30 To look with his mouth at his grogoram gown ; 
With like admiration to eat roasted beef. 
Which invention posed his beyond-Trent belief; 
Who should he but hear our organs once sound. 
Could scarce keep his hoof from Sellenger's round, 
And so the Commencement grows new. 

The gentleman comes not to show us his satin. 
To look with some judgment at him that speaks 

Latin, 
To be angry with him that makes not his clothes. 
To answer "O Lord, Sir" and talk play-book 

oaths, 

18 Whose means like degrees comes from places of people, 

'53, '59, '62, '65. 
23 The country parsons come not up, '53. 

23 On Tuesday night in their old college to sup, '53, '59, '62, '65. 

24 Their bellies and table-books equally suli. '77, '87, '99. 

107 



40 And at the next bear-baiting, (full of his sack,) 
To tell his comrades our discipline's slack ; 
And so the Commencement grows new. 

We have no prevaricator's wit. 
Ay, marry sir, when have you had any yet? 
Besides no serious Oxford man comes 
To cry down the use of jesting and hums. 
Our ballad, (believe 't,) is no stranger than true; 
Mum Salter is sober, and Jack Martin too. 
And so the Commencement grows new. 



48 Mun Salter is sober, and Jack Martin too, '65. 

108 



SQUARE-CAP 

Come hither Apollo's bouncing girl, 
And in a whole hippocrene of sherry 

Let's drink a round till our brains do whirl, 
Tuning our pipes to make ourselves merry. 

A Cambridge lass, Venus-like born of the froth 

Of an old half-filled jug of barley-broth, 

She, she is my mistress, her suitors are many. 
But she'll have a Square-cap if e'er she have 
any. 

And first, for the plush-sake, the Monmouth-cap 

10 Shaking his head like an empty bottle ; [comes 

With his new-fangled oath by Jupiter's thumbs. 

That to her health he'll begin a pottle. 
He tells her that, after the death of his grannam, 
He shall have God knows what per annum. 

But still she replied, "Good Sir, la-bee; 

If ever I have a man. Square-cap for me !" 

Then Calot Leather-cap strongly pleads. 

And fain would derive his pedigree of fashion. 

7 She she's my mistress her suitors are many, '53, '59, '62, '65. 
13-14 ke tells her, that after the death of her grannam 

She shall have God knows what pe^/^,"^;;"";^^ ;^' ^^' ''• 

17 Thin Calot Leather-cap st[«"g^>^P^^^^^'/^' ,^^„!^;5o ,59 

18 And fain would derive the pedigree of fashion; 53, 59, 

'62, '65. 

109 



The antipodes wear their shoes on their heads, 
20 And why may not we in their imitation? 
Oh, how the foot-ball noddle would please, 
If it were but well tossed on Sir Thomas his leas ! 

But still she replied, "Good sir, la-bee; 

If ever I have a man, Square-cap for me !" 

Next comes the Puritan in a wrought-cap. 

With a long wasted conscience towards a sister. 
And, making a chapel of ease of her lap, 

First he said grace and then he kissed her. 
"Beloved," quoth he, "thou art my text." 
30 Then falls he to use and application next ; 

But then she replied, "Your text, sir, I'll be ; 

For then I'm sure you'll ne'er handle me." 

But see where Satin-cap scouts about. 

And fain would this wench in his fellowship 
marry. 
He told her how such a man was not put out 
Because his wedding he closely did carry. 
He'll purchase induction by simony. 
And offers her money her incumbent to be ; 
But still she replied, "Good sir, la-bee, 
40 If ever I have a man, Square-cap for me!" 

The lawyer's a sophister by his round-cap, 
Nor in their fallacies are they divided. 

The one milks the pocket, the other the tap ; 

And yet this wench he fain would have brided. 

22 If it were but well tossed on S. Thomas his lees. '53, '59, 
'62, '65. 

110 



• Come, leave these thread-bare scholars," quoth 
'And give me Hvery and seisin of thee." [he, 

" But peace, John-a-Nokes, and leave your ora- 
For I never will be your impropriation ; [tion, 
I pray you therefore, good sir, la-bee ; 
For if ever I have a man, Square-cap for me !" 



ill 



UPON PRINCESS ELIZABETH, BORN THE 
NIGHT BEFORE NEW YEAR'S DAY. 

Astrologers say Venus, the self same star, 
Is both our Hesperus and Lucifer; 
This antitype, this Venus, makes it true; 
She shuts the old year and begins the new. 
Her brother with a star at noon was born ; 
She, like a star both of the eve and morn. 
Count o'er the stars, fair Queen, in babes and vie 
W^ith every year a new Epiphany. 



112 



PART TWO 



POLITICAL POEMS 



PART II 

HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 

The authorities for my statements are : 

The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in 
England by Edward Earl of Clarendon; Oxford, 
1827: 

History of England from the Accession of James 
I, to the Outbreak of the Civil War (1603-1642), by 
S. R. Gardiner; London, 1884: 

History of the Great Civil War (1642-1649), by 
S. R. Gardiner, London, 1897: 

History of His Own Time, by Bishop Burnet, Lon- 
don, 1724: 

The Wars in England, Scotland, & Ireland, con- 
taining an Account of all the Battles, Sieges, State 
Intrigues, Revolutions, Accidents, and other Remark- 
able Transactions, during the Reign of King Charles 
the First, Being an Impartial View of his Life and 
Actions. With his Tryal at large before the pretend- 
ed High Court of Justice. And his last Speech at his 
death, Jan. 30, 1648 ; by R. B. The seventh edition ; 
London, 1706: 

The Life of John Milton: narrated in connection 
with the political, ecclesiastical, and literary history 
of his time; by David Masson; London, 1877. 

The History of the English People, by J. R. Green ; 

New York, n. d. 

The Church-History of Britain ; From the Birth of 
11^ 



HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 

Jesus Christ, Until the Year M.DC.XLVIII. En- 
deavoured by Thomas Fuller. London-, Anno. 1655. 
The Harleian Miscellany: a Collection of Scarce, 
Curious, and Entertaining Pamphlets and Tracts, as 
well in Manuscript as in Print. Selected from the 
Library of Edward Harley, Second Earl of Oxford. 
Interspersed with Historical, Political, and Critical 
Annotations, by the late William Oldys, Esq., and 
some additional notes by Thomas Park, F.S.A., Lon- 
don, 1809. 

To understand and appreciate the wit in the follow- 
ing poems the reader must be familiar with the histori- 
cal setting. Satire buys contemporary success at the 
price of future oblivion. For a while each hit is ap- 
plauded, but soon both the incidents and the poems 
are forgotten, and the volumes which were once so 
loved and hated are marked in the book-seller's cata- 
logue as "in a good state of preservation." This has 
certainly been the fate of Cleveland. So long as the 
public knew the facts in the case, he was read and en- 
joyed; but even by 1687 there were only a few of his 
contemporaries left, and the next generation was in- 
terested, not in Charles and his troubles, but in James 
and its own. So here the aim is to restore so far as 
possible the poems to their surroundings by means of 
concise historical introductions, that the modern read- 
er may approach them with the knowledge, if not the 
feeling, of the age for which they were written. 



116 



Of «A DIALOGUE." 

By 1640 the crisis in the case of the King versus the People 
was fast approaching. The question at issue was whether 
England should be an absolute monarchy like France, or a con- 
stitutional monarchy, as it is at present. The two advisors of 
King Charles the First, William Laud, Archbishop of Can- 
terbury, and Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, aimed to 
make the King independent of the will of the People. Laud, 
by thus insisting upon uniformity in worship and upon implicit 
obedience to the King as head of the Church, made religion a 
political principle, and the detail as to wearing the surplice, 
etc., was joined to the vastly greater one of the rights of parlia- 
ments. In England the voice of protest was raised by Hamp- 
den against the illegality of ship-money. In Scotland the cry 
was against the ecclesiastical innovations of Laud. The people 
rose en masse and by a Solemn League and Covenant bound 
themselves to resist. An army was hastily collected, and in 
1639 they advanced to the Border. The King, caught unpre- 
pared, negotiated a truce, and called a parliament to vote the 
necessary supplies. At the same time a convention of the 
Established Church was summoned to definitely enunciate thei 
dogmas of their party. Profiting by the example of the Scotch 
Kirk, they framed an oath to be taken by every minister in the 
Kingdom, which read: "I, A. B., do swear that I do approve 
the doctrine and discipline, or government, established in the 
Church of England, as containing all things necessary to salva- 
tion, and that I will not endeavour by myself or any other, 
directly or indirectly, to bring in Popish doctrine, contrary to 
that which is so established, nor will I ever give my consent to 
alter the government of the Church by archbishops, bishops, 
deans, and archdeacons, &c., as it stands now established, and 
as by right it ought to stand, nor yet ever to subject it to the 
usurpations and superstitions of the See of Rome." But, in the 
words of Fuller, "Many took exception at the hoUownesse of the 
Oath in the middle thereof, having its bowells puffed up with 
a windie &c. a cheverel word, which might be stretched as me:i 

117 



would measure it." The ecclesiastical courts were corrupted and 
the officers of them, such as the commissary and apparitor, were 
cordially hated. The puritan party naturally asked how much 
was included under this "&c." But to the Royalists and Lau- 
dians this attitude was incomprehensible; the most learned 
members of the Church had framed the oath, and was it not 
impudence in the unlearned, vulgar, conventicle-haunting rab- 
ble to argue with them? 

As the Oath was formulated during the last days of May, 
to take effect upon the second of the following November, this 
poem was probably written during the autumn of 1640. 



118 



A DIALOGUE BETWEEN TWO ZEALOTS 
UPON THE &c. IN THE OATH 

Sir Roger, from a zealous piece of frieze 
Raised to a vicarage of the children's threes; 
Whose yearly audit may by strict account 
To twenty nobles and his vails amount; 
Fed on the common of the female charity 
Until the Scots can bring about their parity; 
So shotten that his soul, like to himself, 
Walks but in cuerpo ; this same clergy-elf, 
Encountering with a brother of the cloth, 

10 Fell presently to cudgels with the Oath. 

The quarrel was a strange misshapen monster, 
Et Csetera, (God bless us) which may conster 
The brand upon the buttock of the Beast, 
The Dragon's tail tied on a knot, the nest 
Of young Apocryphas, the fashion 
Of a new mental Reservation. 
Whilst Roger thus divides the text, the other 
Winks and expounds, saying, "My pious brother. 
Hearken with reverence, for the point is nice. 

20 I never read on 't, but I fasted twice, 
And so by revelation know it better 

2 Rais'd to a Vicar of the Children threes; '53, '59, '62, 

65, R. 
13 &c. God bleisse us !) which they conster, '53, '5§, '69, '65, R. 
\7 While Roger thus divides the Text, the other '53, '69, R. 

119 



Than all the learned idolaters of the letter.'' 
With that he swelled and fell upon the theme 
Like great Goliath with his weaver's beam. 
"I say to thee, Et Castera, thou liest! 
Thou art the curled lock of Antichrist ; 
Rubbish of Babel; for who will not say 
Tongues are confounded in Et Caetera.'^ 
Who swears Et Caetera, swears more oaths at once 

30 Than Cerberus out of his triple sconce. 

Who views it well, with the same eye beholds 
The old false Serpent in his numerous folds. 
Accurst Et Cetera! Now, now I scent 
What the prodigious bloody oysters meant! 
Oh Booker ! Booker ! How camest thou to lack 
This sign in thy prophetic almanac.'^ 
It's the dark vault wherein the infernal plot 
Of powder 'gainst the State was first begot. 
Peruse the Oath and you shall soon descry it 

40 By all the Father Garnets that stand by it; 

'Gainst whom the Church, (whereof I am a 

member,) 
Shall keep another Fifth Day of November. 
Yet here's not all; I cannot half untruss 
Et Caetera — it's so abominous ! 

22 Than all the Idolaters o' the Letter. R. 
28 Tongues were confounded in &c? '53, '59, '62, '65, R. 
33 The old half Serpent in his numerous folds. '53, '59, '62, 
'65, R. 

33 Accurst &c thou, for now I scent, '53, '59, '62, '65, R. 

34 What lately the prodigious Oysters meant. '53, '59, '62, 

'65, R. 
36 This Fiend in thy Prophetick Almanack? '77, '87, '99. 
39 Peruse the Oath and ye shall soon descry it, '65. 
44 Et Caetera, it's so abdominous. '77, '87, '99. 

120 



The Trojan nag was not so fully lined; 

Unrip Et Caetera, and you shall find 

Og the great commissary, and, (which is worse,) 

The apparitor upon his skew-bald horse. 

Then finally, my babe of grace, forbear, 

50 Et Csetera will be too far to swear. 

For 'tis, (to speak in a familiar style,) 

A Yorkshire wee bit longer than a mile." 

Here Roger was inspired, and by God's diggers 

He'll swear in words in length but not in figures. 

No ! by this drink, which he takes off*, as loth 

To leave Et Cstera in his liquid oath. 

His brother pledged him, and that bloody wine 

He swears shall seal the Synod's Cataline. 

So they drank on, not off'ering to part 

60 'Till they had quite sworn out the eleventh quart, 
While all that saw and heard them jointly pray 
They and their tribe were all Et Csetera. 



49 Then finally, my Babes of Grace, forbear, '77, '87, '99. 

54 Hee'l swear in words at large, and not in figures. '53, ^59, 

'62, '65, R. 

55 Now by this drink, which he takes off, as loth '53, '59, '62, 

'65, R. 
60 'Till they had sworn out the eleventh Quart, '77, '87, '99. 

121 



Of "SMECTYMNUUS," Etc. 

But the Parliament of April, 1640, the "Short Parliament," 
refused to grant subsidies without a guarantee for the redress 
of their "grievances," and consequently it was prorogued after 
the phenomenally short sitting of three weeks. The Scots broke 
off negotiations, crossed the Border in August, defeated the 
Royal Army, and demanded the abolition of the episcopacy. 
Again was the King forced to summon a parliament to obtain 
the necessary funds. This is the famous "Long Parliament," 
which lasted from November 3, 1640, until "Pride's Purge" in 
1649. One of its first acts was the impeachment of Strafford; 
Pym, the great Parliamentarian, here announced the consti- 
tutional principle of the responsibility of royal ministers. So 
on May Ix?, Strafford paid with his head the penalty of using 
his great abilities on the wrong side. 

Jointly with the discussion of the reforms in the State, the 
Church became the subject of debate in the House, and a num- 
ber of pamphlets were written to show the Presbyterian side. 
Of these, the best known was published March 20, under the 
portentous title: "Answer to a Book entitled 'An Humble 
Remonstrance,' in which the originall of Liturgy (and) Episco- 
pacy is discussed and quaeries propounded concerning both, 
the parity of Bishops and Presbyters in Scripture demon- 
strated, the occasion of their unparity in Antiquity discovered, 
the disparity of the ancient and our modern Bishops mani- 
fested, the antiquity of Ruling Elders in the Church vindi- 
cated, the Prelaticall Church bounded: Written by Smec- 
tjTnnuus." 

This name, which caused so much wonderment, was composed 
of the initials of five Puritan divines, Stephen Marshall, Ed- 
mund Calamy, Thomas Young, Matthew Newcomen, and Will- 
iam Spurstow, the last two u's representing the "w." The 
poem which follows must naturally be dated at least a month 
later, as the pole-tax bill to which he refers was not passed 
until June 29. 



129 



SMECTYMNUUS, OR THE CLUB-DIVINES 

Smect jmnuus ! The goblin makes me start! 
In the name of Rabbi Abraham what art? 
Sjriac? or Arabic? or Welsh? what skilt? 
Ap all the bricklayers that Babel built? 
Some conjurer translate and let me know it; 
Till then 'tis fit for a West Saxon poet. 
But do the brotherhood then play their prizes 
Like mummers in religion with disguises, 
Out-brave us with a name in rank and file? 

10 A name, which, if 'twere trained, would spread a 
The saints' monopoly, the zealous cluster [mile! 
Which like a porcupine presents a muster 
And shoots his quills at bishops and their sees, — 
A devout litter of young Maccabees ! 
Thus Jack-of-all-trades hath distinctly shown 
The Twelve Apostles on a cherry-stone ; 
Thus faction's a la mode in treason's fashion, 
Now we have heresy by complication. 
Like to Don Quixote's rosary of slaves 

20 Strung on a chain ; a murnival of knaves 

Packed in a trick; like gipsies when they ride, 
Or like colleagues which sit all of a side. 

4 Ape all the Bricklayers that Babel built. '77, '87, '99. 

15 Thus Jack of all trades hath devoutly shown, '53, '59, '62, 

'65, R. 

16 The twelve Apostles in a Cherry-stone. '77, '87, '99. 
22 Or like the College which sit all of a side: '77, '87, '99. 

123 



So the vain satyrists stand all a row 

As hollow teeth upon a lute-string show. 

The Italian monster pregnant with his brother, 

Nature's diaeresis half one another, 

He, with his little sides-man Lazarus, 

Must both give way unto Smectymnuus. 

Next Sturbridge Fair is Smec's ; for, lo ! his side 
30 Into a five-fold lazar's multiplied. 

Under each arm there's tucked a double gizzard; 

Five faces lurk under one single vizard. 

The Whore of Babylon left these brats behind, 

Heirs of confusion by gavelkind. 

I think Pythagoras' soul is rambled hither 

With all her change of raiment on together. 

Smec is her general wardrobe; she'd not dare 

To think of him as of a thoroughfare. 

He stops the gossiping dame; alone he is 
40 The purlieu of a metempsychosis ; 

Like to an ignis fatuus whose flame. 

Though sometimes tripartite, joins in the same; 

Like to nine tailors, who, if rightly spelled. 

Into one man are monosyllabled. 

Shorthanded zeal in one hath cramped many 

Like to the Decalogue in a single penny. 

See, see how close the curs hunt under a sheet 

As if they spent in quire and scanned their feet. 

One cure and five incumbents leap a truss; 
50 The title sure must be litigious. 

30 Into a fivefold Lazar multiplied. '77, '87, '99. 

36 With all the change of Raiment on together: '53, '59, '62, 

'65, R. 
47 See, see, how close the curs hunt under sheet, '53, '59, '62, 

'65, R. 

124 



The Sadducees would raise a question 

Who shall be Smec at the Resurrection. 

Who cooped them up together were to blame. 

Had they but wire-drawn and spun out the name, 

'Twould make another Prentices' Petition 

Against the bishops and their superstition. 

Robson and French, (that count from five to five, 

As far as nature fingers did contrive — 

She saw they would be sessors, that's the cause 

60 She cleft their hoof into so many claws,) 
May tire their carrot-bunch, yet ne'er agree 
To rate Smectymnuus for pole-money. 
Caligula — whose pride was mankind's bail, 
As who disdained to murder by retail, 
Wishing the world had but one general neck, — 
His glutton blade might have found game in 
No echo can improve the author more [Smec. 
Whose lungs pay use on use to half a score. 
No felon is more lettered, though the brand 

70 Both superscribes his shoulder and his hand. 
Some Welshman was his godfather, for he 
Wears in his name his genealogy. 
The bans are asked, would but the times give way. 
Betwixt Smectymnuus and Et Caetera. 

52 Who must be Smec at the Resurrection. '53, '59, '62, '65 R. 
54 Had they but wire-drawn and spun out their name, '53, 

'59, '62, '65, R. 
58 As far as nature fingers can contrive, R. 
60 She cleft her hoof into so many claws,) '59, '62, '65, R. 
68 Whose lungs pay use and use to half a score. '77, '87, '99. 
71 Some Welchman were his godfather, for he '65. 
73 The Banns are ask'd, would but the time give way, '53, 

'59, '62, R. 
The Banes were ask'd, would but \h6 time give way, '65. 
125 



The guests, invited by a friendly summons, 

Should be the Convocation and the Commons. 

The priest to tie the foxes' tails together 

Mosely, or Santa Clara, choose you whether. 

See what an offspring every one expects, 
80 What strange plurality of men and sects! 

One says he'll get a vestry, but another 

Is for a synod ; bets upon the mother. 

Faith, cry St. George ! Let them go it and stickle 

Whether a conclave or conventicle. 

Thus might religions caterwaul, and spite 

Which uses to divorce, might once unite. 

But there cross fortunes interdict their trade ; 

The groom is rampant but the bride is spade. 

My task is done, all my he goats are milked. 
90 So many cards in the stock, and yet be bilked? 

I could by letters now untwist the rabble, 

Whip Smec from constable to constable; 

But there I leave you to another's dressing ; 

Only kneel down and take your father's blessing. 

May the Queen Mother justify your fears 

And stretch her patent to your leather ears ! 



80 What strange pluralities of men and sects? '53, '59, '62, 

'65, R. 

81 One sayes hee'l get a Vestery, another '53,' 59, '62, '65, R. 

82 Is for a Synod: Bet upon the mother: '53, '59, '62, '65. 
Is for a Synod: But upon the Mother: R. 

88 The Groom is Rampant, but the Bride displaid. '53, '59, 

'62, '65, R. 
93 But there I leave you to another dressing, '53, '59, '62, 

'65, R. 

126 



Of "UPON THE KING'S RETURN," Etc. 

On August 10th of the same year, 1641, the King started on 
a journey to Scotland for the purpose of quieting the Scotch 
opponents at any cost, so that they might be used in the strug- . 
gle which he felt was impending in England. On the whole his e 
experiment was not a success, and he was very glad in Novem- 
ber to return. In England his return was welcomed joyfully 
by both parties; the Royalists, although not yet defined as a 
party, dutifully hurrahed, and the Parliament was sincerely 
glad to have him again under its own eye. 

UPON THE KING'S RETURN FROM 
SCOTLAND. 



Returned, I'll ne'er believe 't;; first prove him 

hence ; 

Kings travel by their beams and influence. 

Who says the soul gives out her guests, or goes 

A flitting progress 'twixt the head and toes.? 

She rules by omnipresence, and shall we 

Deny a prince the same ubiquity.? 

Or grant he went and 'cause the knot was slack 

Girt both the nations with his zodiac, 

Yet as the tree at once both upward shoots, 

10 And just as much grows downward to the roots, 

So at the same time that he posted thither 

By counter-stages he rebounded hither. 

Hither and hence at once ; thus every sphere 

Doth by a double motion interfere; 

And when his native form inclines him east, 

7 Or grant he want, and cause the knot was slack '68. 
121 



By the first mover he is ravished west. 

Have you not seen how the divided dam 

Runs to the summons of her hungry lamb ; 

But when the twin cries halves, she quits the firsl ? 
20 Nature's commendam must be likewise nursed. 

So were his journeys like the spider spun 

Out of his bowels of compassion. 

Two realms, like Cacus, so his steps transpose, 

His feet still contradict him as he goes. 

England's returned that was a banished soil. 

The bullet flying makes the gun recoil. 

Death's but a separation, though endorsed 

With spade and javelin; we were thus divorced. 

Our soul hath taken wing while we express 
30 The corpse returning to their principles. 

But the Crab-tropic must not now prevail. 

Islands go babk but when you're under sail. 

So his retreat hath rectified that wrong. 

Backward is forward in the Hebrew tongue. 

Now the Church Militant in plenty rests. 

Nor fears, like the Amazon, to lose her breasts. 

Her means are safe; not squeezed until the blood 

Mix with the milk and choke the tender brood. 

She, that hath been the floating ark, is that 
40 She that's now seated on Mount Ararat. 

Quits Charles ; our souls did guard him northward 

Now he the counterpart comes south to us. [thus 



20 Natures Commendum must be likewise nurst? '68, '77. 
25 England's return'd, that was a barren soil; '68. 
30 The Corps returning to our principles. '68. 
33 So his retreat hath rectify'd the wrong: '68. 

128 



Of "RUPERTISMUS." 

While the King was still in Scotland, the Irish rose and 
massacred a number of the settlers in Ireland, The situation 
was complicated by their showing forged commissions from 
Charles, in which the Parliament was disposed to believe. On 
his return, therefore, they presented a Great or Solemn Re- 
monstrance, citing all the failures of his reign. In retort, 
Charles was injudicious enough to denounce Lord Kimbolton, 
Pym, Sir Arthur Haselrig, and others as traitors, and come in 
person to demand them. The separation was now complete; 
the King left the City, and the Royal Standard was raised in 
Nottingham, August 22, 1642. The war had begun. Robert 
Devereux, Earl of Essex and son of Elizabeth's favorite, was 
vhief in command of the Army of the Parliament. Prince Ru- 
pert, son of the Elector Palatine, and therefore nephew of the 
King, was the typical cavalier officer. The first battle was at 
Edgehill, which, while doubtful, left all the moral advantage 
to the Royalists. On November 29, 1642, Oxford was chosen 
for the royal headquarters, as the City had declared itself on 
the side of the Parliament. The first half of 1643 was dis- 
tinctly favorable to the King^ and the cloistered colleges echoed 
to jubilant cavalier strains. 

Henry Elsyng was the Clerk of the Commons; I am unable 
to assign the reason for the epithet " splay-mouthed." 

Philip, fourth Lord Wharton, a member of the Long Parlia- 
ment for the Puritans, and "very fast for them." 

Sir Thomas Lunsford, "unbeloved Lunsford," had been ap- 
pointed Lieutenant of the Tower, from which he was removed 
by popular dislike; he was then given a commission, and served 
zealously. The Puritans so hated him that rumors were spread 
that he ate children. 

Glyn and Maynard, two eminent lawyers for the Parliament; 
the first conducted the trial of Strafford, and the other summed 
up the accusation. 

Edward Montagu, Lord Kimbolton, who in 1642 had succeed- 
ed his father as Earl of Manchester, was one of the promineiit 
Roundhead Peers. 



RUPERTISMUS 

that I could but vote myself a poet, 
Or had the legislative knack to do it ! 
Or, like the doctors militant, could get 
L>ubbed at adventure Verser Banneret! 
Or had I Cacus' trick to make my rhymes 
Their own antipodes, and track the times ! 
"Faces about," says the remonstrant spirit, 
"Allegiance is malignant, treason merit." 
Huntington colt, that posed the sage recorder. 

10 Might be a sturgeon now and pass by order. 
Had I but Elsing's gift, (that splay-mouthed 

brother 
That declares one way and yet means another,) 
Could I thus write asquint, then. Sir, long since 
You had been sung a great and glorious prince ! 

1 had observed the language of- these days, 
Blasphemed you, and then periwigged the 

phrase 
With humble service and such other fustian, 
Bells which ring backward in this great combus- 
I had reviled you, and without offense ; [tion. 
4 Dub'd at adventurers Verser Banneret! '53. 

Dub'd at adventures Verser Banneret! '59, '62, '65, 
'87, '99. 
13 Could I but right a-squint; then (Sir) long since, '53, '59, 

'62, '65. 
15 I had observ'd the language of the dayes, '53, '59, '62, '65, 

'87, '99. 
18 Bells which rung backward in this great combustion. 
'G2, '65, 

130 



20 The literal and the equitable sense 

Would make it good. When all fails, this will 

do it; 
Sure that distinction cleft the Devil's foot ! 
This were my dialect, would your Highness please 
To read me but with Hebrew spectacles. 
Interpret counter what is cross rehearsed. 
Libels are commendations when reversed, 
Just as an optic glass contracts the sight 
At one end, but when turned doth multiply it. 
But you're enchanted, Sir, you're doubly free 

30 From the great guns and squibbling poetry, 
Whom neither bilbo nor invention pierces. 
Proof even against the artillery of verses. 
Strange that the Muses cannot wound your mail ! 
If not their art, yet let their sex prevail. 

At that known leaguer, where the bonny besses 
Supplied the bow-strings with their twisted 

tresses. 
Your spells could ne'er have fenced you, every 

arrow 
Had lanced your noble breast and drunk the 

marrow. 
For beauty, like white powder, makes no noise 
40 And yet the silent hypocrite destroys. 
Then use the Nuns of Helicon with pity 
Lest Wharton tell his gossips of the City 
That you kill women too, nay maids, and such 
Their general wants militia to touch. 
Impotent Essex ! Is it not a shame 

26 Libels are commendation when reversed. '59, '62, '65. 

31 Who neither Bilbo, nor invention pierces, '53. 

131 



Our Commonwealth, like to a Turkish dame, 
Should have a eunuch guardian ? May she be 
Ravished by Charles, rather than saved by thee! 
But why, my Muse, like a green-sickness girl, 

50 Feedest thou on coals and dirt? A gelding earl 
Gives no more relish to thy female palate 
Than to that ass did once the thistle sallet. 
Then quit the barren theme and all at once, 
Thou and thy sisters like bright Amazons, 
Give Rupert an alarum. Rupert, one 
Whose name is wit's superfetation. 
Makes fancy, like eternity's round womb. 
Unite all valour, present, past, to come! 
He who the old philosophy controls 

60 That voted down plurality of souls 1 

He breathes a grand committee ; all that were 
The wonders of their age constellate here. 
And as the elder sisters. Growth and Sense, 
Souls paramount in themselves, in man commence 
But faculties of Reason Queen ; no more 
Are they to him, (who was complete before) 
Ingredients of his virtues. Thread the beads 
Of Caesar's acts, great Pompey's and the Swede's, 
And 'tis a bracelet fit for Rupert's hand, 

70 By which that vast triumvirate is spanned. 
Here, here is palmestry ; here you may read 
How long the world shall live and when it shall 
bleed. 

52 Then to the Ass did once the Thistle-Salat. '77, '87, '99, 

'87, '99. 

53 Then quit his barren Theme, and all at once '77, '87, '99. 
58 Unite all Valour past, present, to come. '77, '87, '99. 

63 And as the elder sister, growth and sence, '59, '62, '65. 

132 



What every man winds up, that Rupert hath, 
For Nature raised him on the PubHc Faith ; 
Pandora's brother, to make up whose store 
The gods were fain to run upon the score. 
Such was the painter's brief for Venus' face ; 
Item, an eye from Jane; a hp from Grace. 
Let Isaac and his citz flay off the plate 

80 That tips their antlers for the calf of state; 

Let the zeal-twanging nose, that wants a ridge. 
Snuffling devoutly, drop his silver bridge; 
Yes, and the gossip's spoon augment the sum 
Although poor Caleb lose his Christendom; 
Rupert out-weighs that in his sterling self 
Which their self-want pays in committee pelf. 
Pardon, great Sir, for that ignoble crew 
Gains when made bankrupt in the scales with you. 
As he, who in his character of light 

90 Styled it God's shadow, made it far more bright 
By an eclipse so glorious, (light is dim 
And a black nothing when compared to Him,) 
So 'tis illustrious to be Rupert's foil 
And a just trophy to be made his spoil. 

73 What ever man winds up, that Rupert hath; '53, '59, '62, 

'65, '87, '99. 

74 For nature raiz'd him of the Publike Faith, '53, '59, '62, 

'65, '87, '99. 

79 Let Isaac and his Cit'z flea of the place '53. 
Let Isaac and his Cit'z flea off' the plate '87, '99. 

80 That tips their Antlets for their Calf of Stace. '53. 
That tips their Antlets for their Calf of State. '77, '87, '99. 
That tips their antlets for the Calf of State. '87, '99. 

83 Yes and the gossip spoon augment the sum, '53, '59, '62, '65. 
86 Which their self-want paies in commuting pelf. '53, '59, 

'62, '65, '87, '99. 
92 And a black Nothing when compar'd with him) '77, '87, '99. 

12;: 



1*11 pin my faith on the diurnal's sleeve 
Hereafter, and the Guildhall creed believe; 
The conquests which the Common Council hears 
With their wide listening mouth from the great 
That run away in triumph. Such a foe [Peers 
100 Can make them victors in their overthrow; 
Where providence and valour meet in one, 
Courage so poised with circumspection 
That he revives the quarrel once again 
Of the soul's throne ; whether in heart, or brain. 
And leaves it a drawn match; whose fervor can 
Hatch him whom Nature poached but half a 

man; 
His trumpet, like the angel's at the last, 
Makes the soul rise by a miraculous blast. 
Were the Mount Athos carved in shape of man 
110 As was designed by the Macedonian, 

(Whose right hand should a populous land 

contain. 
The left should be a channel to the main,) 
His spirit would inform the amphibious figure 
And, straight laced, sweat for a dominion bigger. 

99 That ran away in triumph: such a foe '53, '59, '62, ^65, 

'87, '99. 
100 Can make Men Victors in their Overthrow, '77, '87, '99, 
'87, '99. 

109 'Twas the Mount Athos carv'd in shape of man '53, '59, 

'62, '65, '87, '99. 
Was that Mount Athos carv'd in shape of Man, '77, '87, '99. 

110 (As 'twas desin'd by th' Macedonian) '53, '59, '62, '65, 

'87, '99. 
114 Yet straight-lac'd sweats for a Dominion bigger: '53, 
'87, '99. 
And straight-lac'd swears for a Dominion bigger: '59, '65. 
Yet strait-lac'd swears for a Dominion bigger: '62. 
134 



The terror of whose name can out of seven, 
Like FalstafF's buckram men, make fly eleven. 
Thus some grow rich by breaking. Vipers thus. 
By being slain, are made more numerous. 
No wonder they'll confess no loss of men, 

120 For Rupert knocks them till they gig again. 
They fear the giblets of his train, they fear 
Even his dog, that four-legged cavalier; 
He that devours the scraps that Lunsf ord makes ; 
Whose picture feeds upon a child in stakes; 
Who, name but Charles, he comes aloft for hiin, 
But holds up his malignant leg at Pym. 
'Gainst whom they have these articles in souse : 
First, that he barks against the sense of the 

House ; 
Resolved delinquent, to the Tower straight, 

130 Either to the Lions' or to the Bishops' Grate: 
Next, for his ceremonious wag of the tail: 
(But here the sisterhood will be his bail. 
At least the Countess will, Lust's Amsterdam, 
That lets in all religions of the game.) 
Thirdly, he smells intelligence; that's better 
And cheaper too than Pym's from his own letter. 
Who is doubly paid, (Fortune or we the 

blinder ! ) 
For making plots and then for fox the finder : 
Lastly, he is a devil without doubt, 

140 For, when he would he down, he wheels about, 

123 He that devours the scraps, which Lunsford makes, '53, 

'59, '62, '65, '87, '99. 
127 'Gainst whom they have several Articles in souse: '53, '59, 

'62, '65, '87, '99. 
133 At least the Countess with Lust's Amsterdam, '77, '87, '99. 

135 



Makes circles, and is couchant in a ring; 
And therefore score up one for conjuring. 
"What canst thou say, thou wretch!" "O 

quarter, quarter! 
I'm but an instrument, a mere Sir Arthur. 
If I must hang, O let not our fates vary, 
Whose office 'tis alike to fetch and carry!" 
No hopes of a reprieve ; the mutinous stir 
That strung the Jesuit will despatch the cur. 
"Were I a devil as the rabble fears, 
150 I see the House would try me by my peers !" 
There, Jowler, there! Ah, Jowler! 'st 'tis 

nought ! 
Whate'er the accusers cry, they're at default 
And Glyn and Maynard have no more to say 
Than when the glorious Strafford stood at bay. 
Thus libels but annexed to him, we see, 
Enjoy a copyhold of victory. 
Saint Peter's shadow healed; Rupert's is such 
'Twould find Saint Peter work and wound as 

much. 

148 That strung the Jesuit, will despatch a cur, '53, '62, 

'87, '99. 
That strung a Jesuit, will despatch a cur. '59, ^65. 

149 Were I a devil as the Rebel fears, '53, '62, '87, '99. 

152 What ere the accusers cry, they're at a fault; '53, '59, '62, 
'65, ('87, '99)? 

154 Then when the glorious Strafford stood at bay. '59, ^65, 

'77, '87, '99, ('87, '99)? 

155 Thus Labels . . . , but amount to him we see '53, 

'59, '62, '65. 

156 T' enjoy a Copyhold of Victory. '77, '87, '99. 

157 S. Peters shadow heal'd; Rupert is such; '59, '62, '65. 

158 'Twould find St. Peters Work, yet wound as much: '53, 

'62, '87, '99. 

136 



He gags their guns, defeats their dire intent ; 

160 The cannons do but hsp and compliment. 
Sure, Jove descended in a leaden shower 
To get this Perseus; hence the fatal power 
Of shot is strangled. Bullets thus allied 
Fear to commit an act of parricide. 
Go on, brave Prince, and make the world confess 
Thou art the greater world and that the less. 
Scatter the accumulative king; untruss 
That five-fold fiend, the State's Smectymnuus, 
Who place religion in their vellam ears 

170 As in their phylacteries the Jews did theirs. 
England's a paradise, and a modest word 
Since guarded by a cherub's flaming sword. 
Your name can scare an atheist to his prayers, 
And cure the chincough better than the bears. 
Old sibyls charm toothache with you; the nurse 
Makes you still children ; and the ponderous curse 
The clown salutes with is derived from you, 
"Now Rupert, take thee, rogue, how dost thou 
In fine the name of Rupert thunders so, [do.'"' 

180 Kimbolton's but a rumbling wheelbarrow. 



162 To get his Perseus; hence the fatall power '59, '62, '65. 
175 Old Slybill charms the Tooth-ach with you: Nurse '53, '59, 

'62, '65, '87, '99. 
177 The clowns salute with, is deriv'd from you, '53, '59, '62, 

'65, '87, '99. 

137 



Of "UPON SIR THOMAS MARTIN.'* 

On the first of April, 1643, an "Ordinance of the Lords and 
Commons Assembled in Parliament" was passed to provide the 
munitions of war. The method was to "sequester" the estates 
of the "malignants." "Be it therefore ordained by the said 
lords and commons that the estates, as well real as personal, 
of the several bishops hereafter mentioned . . . and of all 
such bishops, deans, deans and chapters, prebends, archdeacons, 
and of all other person and persons, ecclesiastical or temporal, 
as have raised or shall raise arms against the parliament, 
or have been, are or shall be in actual war against the same; 
or have voluntarily contributed, or shall voluntarily contribute 
. . . shall be forthwith seized and sequestered into the hands 
of the sequestrators and committees hereafter in this ordinance 
named. . . . 

" For the County of Cambridge, 
"Sir Dudley North, Sir John Cuts, Sir Thomas Martin, 
knights; Captain Symonds, Dudley Pope esqrs.; . . . etc." 
London, 1648. 

This sweeping act practically beggared the royalists, and 
it was naturally bitterly resented by them. By the law, "any 
two or more" of the sequestrators constituted a tribunal with 
power to deprive a man of his property without recourse. 

The following poem is probably the last written at Cam- 
bridge : 



138 



UPON SIR THOMAS MARTIN 

WHO SUBSCRIBED A WARRANT THUS I " WE THE 

KNIGHTS AND GENTLEMEN OF THE COMMITTEE," 

WHEN THERE WAS NO KNIGHT BUT HIMSELP 

Hang out a flag and gather pence apiece ! 
Which Afric never bred nor swelling Greece. 
With stories' tympany, a beast so rare 
No lecturer's wrought cap, nor Bartholomew Fair 
Can match him ; nature's whimsey that outvies 
Tredescant and his ark of novelties ; 
The Gog and Magog of prodigious sights,^ 
With reverence to your eyes. Sir Thomas Knights. 
But is this bigamy of titles due? 
10 Are you Sir Thomas and Sir Martin too? 
Issachar couchant 'twixt a brace of sirs, 
Thou knighthood in a pair of panniers ; 
Thou, that look'st, wrapped up in thy warlike 

leather. 
Like Valentine and Orson bound together; 
Spurs' representative, thou, that art able 
To be a voider to King Arthur's table ; 
Who, in this sacrilegious mass of all, 
It seems has swallowed Windsor's Hospital; 
Pair royal headed; Cerberus's cousin. 

4 No Lectures wrought cap, nor Bartholmew fair '59, '62, '65. 

5 Can match him; natures whimsey, one that out-vies '53, 

'59, '62, '65. 

6 Tredeskin and his ark of Novelties. '53, '59, '62, '65. 

139 



20 Hercules' labours were a baker's dozen ; 

Had he but trumped on thee whose forked neck 
Might have well answered at the font for Smec. 
But can a knighthood on a knighthood lie ? 
Metal on metal is false heraldry; 
And yet the known Godfrey of Bouillon's coat 
Shines in exception to the herald's vote. 
Great spirits move not by pedantic laws; 
Their actions though eccentric state the cause, 
And Priscian bleeds with honour. Caesar thus 

SO Subscribed two consuls with one Julius. 

Tom, never loaded squire, scarce yeoman high, 

Is Tom twice dipped, knight of a double dye ! 

Fond man, whose fate is in his name betrayed! 

It is the setting sun doubles his shade. 

But it is no matter, for amphibious he 

May have a knight hanged, yet Sir Tom go free ! 



24 Metall on metall is ill Armory. '53. 

31 Tom never oaded-Squire, scarce Yeoman high, '62, '65, '77, 
'87, '99. 

;i4Q 



Of "THE MIXED ASSEMBLY." 

During this period, the Parliament had not forgotten the 
religious difficulty. An ordinance was issued calling the famous 
"Westminster Assembly," which held its first sitting July 1, 
1643. The adjective "mixed" is due to the fact that it was 
not composed of divines alone, but contained ten lords, twenty 
commoners, and one hundred and nineteen ministers. William 
Twisse was appointed by the Parliament to be the speaker, and 
Dr. John Burges to act for him if absent. 

The Peers to be remembered for this poem are: 

Philip Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, a stout Presbyterian. 

Basil Fielding, 2nd, Earl of Denbigh, who in April had just 
succeeded to the title of his royalist father, but not to his 
politics; William Fiennes, Lord Say and Sele, "Old Subtlety," 
a roundhead. 

Lords Kimbolton and Wharton. 

The Commoners are Pym, the great leader, and Selden, the 
equally great scholar and author of "Table Talk," etc. 

The divines are: 

Stephen Marshall, renowned for his powerful preaching. 

Herbert Palmer, " a man of small stature, puny appearance, 
a»d delicate health." He is the author of "Christian Para- 
doxes," so long attributed to Lord Bacon. 

Oliver Bowles, who as early as 1631 had been removed for a 
puritanical sermon. 

"Brooke's preacher" I identify as Thomas Hill, who was the 
great friend of Lord Brooked, and "mumping Lidie" has eluded 
my search. 



141 



J 

THE MIXED ASSEMBLY 



Flea-bitten synod, an assembly brewed 
Of clerks and elders ana, like the rude 
Chaos of Presbytery, where laymen guide 
With the tame woolpack clergy by their side. 
Who asked the banns 'twixt these discolored mates r 
A strange grotesco this ; the Church and states, 
Most divine tick-tack in a pye-bald crew, 
Tc serve as table-men of divers hue! 
She, that conceived an Ethiopian heir 

10 By picture when the parents both were fair, 
At sight of you had born a dappled son. 
You checkering her imagination. 
Had Jacob's flock but seen you sit, the dams 
Had brought forth speckled and ring-streaked 
Like an impropriator's motley kind [lambs. 

Whose scarlet coat is with a cassock lined ; 
Like the lay-thief in a canonic weed, 
Sure of his clergy ere he did the deed; 
Like Royston crows, who are (as I may say) 

20 Friars of both the Orders, Black and Gray ; 

So mixed they are^ one knows not whether's 
A layer of burgess, or a layer of vicar, [thicker, 
Have they usurped what Royal Judah had, 
And now must Levi too part stakes with Gad.'* 
The scepter and the crosier are the crutches. 
Which if not trusted in their pious clutches, 
142 



Will fail the cripple State. And were it not a pity 
That both should serve the yardwand of the Citj^ ? 
That Isaac might go stroke his beard and sit 

30 Judge of eis ^'AzSgj and elegerit? 

O that they were in chalk and charcoal drawn ! 
The miscellany-satyr and the fawn 
And all the adulteries of twisted nature 
But faintly represent this riddling feature; 
Whose members being not tallies, they'll not ov. u 
Their fellows at the resurrection. 
Strange scarlet doctors these ! They'll pass in 
For sinners half refined in Purgatory, [story 

Or parboiled lobsters, where there jointly rules 

40 The fading sables and the coming gules. 

The flea that FalstafF damned thus lewdly shows 
Tormented in the flames of Bardolph's nose. 
Like him that wore the dialogue of cloaks 
This shoulder John-a-stiles, that John-a-nokes ; 
Like Jew and Christians in a ship together 
With an old neck-verse to distinguish either; 
Like their intended discipline to boot. 
Or whatsoe'er hath neither head nor foot; 
Such may these stripped stuff'-hangings seem to 

50 Sacrilege matched with codpiece simony. [be, 

Be sick and dream a little, you may then 
Fancy these linsey-woolsey vestry-men. 



28 But both should serve the yardwand of the City? '53, '59, 

'62, '65. 

29 That Isaac might stroak his beard, and sit '53, '59, '62, '65. 
36 Their fellowes at their Resurrection, '53, '59, '62, '65. 

44 This shoulder John-a-stile, that John-a-Nokes. '59, '62, 'G5. 
49 Such may their stript-stuff hangings seem to be '53, '59, 
'62, '65. 

143 



Forbear, good Pembroke, be not over daring. 
Such company may chance to spoil thy swearing, 
And thy drum-major oaths, of bulk unruly, 
May dwindle to a feeble " By my truly" ! 
He that the noble Percy's blood inherits, 
Will he strike up a hotspur of the spirits? 
He'll fright the Obadiahs out of tune 

60 With his uncircumcised Algernon ; 

A name so stubborn, 'tis not to be scanned 
By him in Gath with the six fingered hand. 
See, they obey the magic of my words ! 
Presto ! they're gone, and now the House of Lords 
Looks like the withered face of an old hag, 
But with three teeth like to a triple gag. 
A jig! a jig! and in this antic dance 
Fielding and Doxie Marshall first advance. 
Twisse blows the Scotch-pipes, and the loving 
brace 

70 Puts on the traces and treads cinque-a-pace 

Then Say and Sele must his old hamstrings sup- 
And he and rumbled Palmer make a couple, [pie. 
Palmer's a fruitful girl if he'll unfold her; 
The midwife may find work about her shoulder. 
Kimbolton, that rebellious Boanerges, 
Must be content to saddle Dr. Burges. 
If Burges get a clap, 'tis ne'er the worse. 
But the fifth time of his compurgators. 

55 And these Drum-Major oaths of bulk unruly, '53, '59, 

'62, '65. 
59 Hee'l fright the Obadiah out of tune, '53, '59, '62, '65. 

He'l fright the Obadiah's out of tune '77, '87, '99. 
72 Then he and rumpled Palmer makes a couple. '53, '59, 
'62, '65. 

144 



Nol Bowls is coy ; good sadness cannot dance 

80 But in obedience to the ordinance. 

Here Wharton wheels about till mumping Liddy, 
Like the full moon, hath made his lordship giddy. 
Pym and the members must their giblets levy 
To encounter Madam Smec, that single bevy. 
If they two truck together, 'twill not be 
A child-birth, but a gaol-delivery. 
Thus every Ghibelline hath got his Guelph 
But Selden, — he's a galliard by himself; 
And well may be ; there's more divines in him 

90 Than in all this, their Jewish Sanhedrin: 

Whose canons in the forge shall then bear date 
When mules their cousins german generate. 
Thus Moses' law is violated now ; 
The ox and ass go yoked in the same plough. 
Resign thy coach-box, Twisse; Brooke's preacher 
Would sort the beasts with more conformity, [he 
Water and earth make but one globe; a Round- 
Is clergy-lay, party-per-pale compounded, [head 



145 



Of "THE REBEL SCOT." 

The' siege of Gloucester, August 10, 1643, is always given as 
the turning point of the war. It was not that the King was 
defeated so much as that he failed to score a victory, when a 
victory would have been decisive. Pym rose to the occasion, 
forced the Covenant upon England, and called in the Scots. 
His death, December 6th, followed this last triumph. The 
Scotch army of invasion entered England January 19, 1644, to 
fight against their King. To 'the Royalists there seemed no 
greater wickedness than this action of the Scots, who were thus 
at one and the same time both foreign invaders and rebellious 
subjects. The satire which follows is Cleveland's most cele- 
brated work. 

THE REBEL SCOT 

How, Providence.'' and yet a Scottish crew? 

Then Madame Nature wears black patches too! 

What shall our nation be in bondage thus 

Unto a land that truckles under us.'' 

Ring the bells backward ! I am all on fire. 

Not all the buckets in a country quire 

Shall quench my rage. A poet should be feared, 

When angry, like a comet's flaming beard. 

And where's the stoic can his wrath appease, 

10 To see his country sick of Pym's disease.'' 

By Scotch invasion to be made a prey 

To such pigwidgeon myrmidons as they? 

But that there's charm in verse, I would not 

The name of Scot without an antidote ; [quote 

Unless my head were red, that I might brew 

13 But, there's charm in verse that I would not quote R. 

146 



Invention there that might be poison too. 
Were I a drowsy judge whose dismal note 
Disgorgeth halters as a juggler's throat 
Doth ribbons; could I in Sir Empiric's tone 

20 Speak pills in phrase and quack destruction ; 
Or roar like Marshall, that Geneva bull, 
Hell and damnation a pulpit full; 
Yet to express a Scot, to play that prize, 
Not all those mouth-grenadoes can suffice. 
Before a Scot can properly be curst, 
I must like Hocus swallow daggers first. 
Come, keen iambics, with your badger's feet 
And badger-like bite until your teeth do meet. 
Help, ye tart satirists, to imp my rage 

30 With all the scorpions that should whip this age. 
Scots are like witches ; do but whet your pen. 
Scratch till the blood comes, they'll not hurt you 
Now, as the martyrs were enforced to take [then. 
The shape of beasts, like hypocrites at stake 
I'll bait my Scot so, yet not cheat your eyes ; 
A Scot within a beast is no disguise. 
No more let Ireland brag; her harmless nation 
Fosters no venom since the Scot's plantation: 
Nor can our feigned antiquity obtain ; 

40 Since they came in, England hath wolves again. 
The Scot that kept the Tower might have shown. 
Within the grate of his own breast alone, 
The leopard and the panther, and engrossed 
What all those wild collegiates had cost 
The honest high-shoes in their termly fees ; 

28 And Badger-like, bite till your feet do meet; '68. 

38 Fosters no Venom since that Scot's Plantation: '77, '87, '99. 

39 Nor can ours f eign'd antiquity maintain ; '53, '62, '65, '68, R. 

147 ^ 



First to the savage lawyer, next to these. 
Nature herself doth Scotchmen beasts confess, 
Making their country such a wilderness : 
A land that brings in question and suspense 

50 God's omnipresence, but that Charles came 
thence, 
But that Montrose and Crawford's loyal band 
Atoned their sin and christened half the land. 
Nor is it all the nation hath these spots ; 
There is a Church as well as Kirk of Scots. 
As in a picture where the squinting paint 
Shows fiend on this side, and on that side saint. 
He, that saw Hell in his melancholy dream 
And in the twilight of his fancy's theme, * 
Scared from his sins, repented in a fright, 

60 Had he viewed Scotland, had turned proselyte. 
A land where one may pray with cursed intent, 
O, may they never suffer banishment ! 
Had Cain been Scot, God would have changed 

his doom ; 
Not forced him wander but confined him home! 
Like Jews they spread and as infection fly, 
As if the Devil had ubiquity. 
Hence 'tis they live at rovers and defy 
This or that place, rags of geography. 
They're citizens of the world; they're all in all; 

70 Scotland's a nation epidemical. 

And yet they ramble not to learn the mode, 
How to be dressed, or how to lisp abroad ; 
To return knowing in the Spanish shrug, 

51 But that Montrose and Crawford's Royal Band '87, '99. 

52 Atton'd their Sin, and Christned half their Land. '77, 

'87, '99. 

148 



Or which of the Dutch states a double jug 
Resembles most in belly or in beard, 
(The card by which the marineers are steered.) 
No, the Scots-errant fight and fight to eat, 
Their ostrich stomachs make their swords their 

meat. 
Nature with Scots as tooth-drawers hath dealt 
80 Who use to string their teeth upon their belt. 
Yet wonder not at this their happy choice. 
The serpent's fatal still to Paradise. 
Sure, England hath the hemorrhoids, and these 
On the north postern of the patient seize 
Like leeches; thus they physically thirst 
After our blood, but in the cure shall burst ! 
Let them not think to make us run of the score 
To purchase villanage, as once before 
When an act passed to stroke them on the head, 

90 Call them good subjects, buy them gingerbread. 
Not gold, nor acts of grace, 'tis steel must tame 
The stubborn Scot; a Prince that would reclaim 
Rebels by yielding, doth like him, or worse, 
Who saddled his own back to shame his horse. 
Was it for this you left your leaner soil. 

Thus to lard Israel with Egypt's spoil .f* 

They are the Gospel's life-guard; but for them. 

The garrison of New Jerusalem, 

What would the brethren do.? The Cause ! The 
100 Sack-possets and the fundamental laws ! [Cause! 
80 Who use to hang their teeth upon their belt. '53, '59, '62, 

'65, R. 
84 On the North posture of the patient seize, '53, '59, '62, '65, 

'68, R. 

91 Nor Gold, nor Acts of grace, 'tis steel must tame, '53, 

'62, '68, R. 

U9 



Lord ! What a godly thing is want of shirts I 
How a Scotch stomach and no meat converts ! 
They wanted food and raiment, so they took 
Rehgion for their seamstress and their cook. 
Unmask them well; their honours and estate, 
As well as conscience, are sophisticate. 
Shrive but their titles and their moneys poize, 
A laird and twenty pence pronounced with noise, 
When construed, but for a plain yeoman go, 

110 And a good sober two-pence and well so. 

Hence then, you proud impostors ; get you gone. 
You Picts in gentry and devotion ; 
You scandal to the stock of verse, a race 
Able to bring the gibbet in disgrace. 
Hyperbolus by suffering did traduce 
The ostracism and shamed it out of use. 
The Indian, that Heaven did forswear 
Because he heard some Spaniards were there. 
Had he but known what Scots in Hell had been, 

120 He would Erasmus-like have hung between. 
My Muse hath done. A voider for the nonce. 
I wrong the Devil should I pick their bones ; 
That dish is his; for, when the Scots decease, 
Hell, like their nation, feeds on barnacles. 
A Scot, when from the gallow-tree got loose, 
Drops into Styx and turns a Soland goose. 

107 Shrive but their titles, and their money poize, '53, '59, '62, 

'65, '68, R. 
Shrive but their Title, and their Moneys poize, '77, '87, '99. 

108 A Laird and twenty pounds pronounc'd with noise, '53, '59, 

'62, '65, '68, R. 
113 You scandal to a stock of Verse, a race '65. 
118 Because he heard the Spaniards were there, '53, '59, '69, 

'65, '68, R. 

Z5Q 



Of "AN ELEGY UPON THE ARCHBISHOP," Etc. 

ITie end of 1644 passed in minor actions, in the main favor- 
able to Parliament. All this time, William Laud, Archbishop 
of Canterbury, had been closely imprisoned in the Tower. 
Now, January 10, 1645, four years after the death of his col- 
league Strafford, the old man was beheaded on Tower Hill. 
As in the case of his friend, he had committed crimes which 
were not legally punishable, and to Royalists it seemed a trav- 
esty of justice. 

AN ELEGY UPON THE ARCHBISHOP OF. 
CANTERBURY 

I need no Muse to give my passion vent. 

He brews his tears that studies to lament. 

Verse chemically weeps ; that pious rain 

Distilled by art is but the sweat of the brain. 

Whoever sobbed in numbers.'' Can a groan 

Be quavered out in soft division .f' 

'Tis true for common elegies 

Not Bushel's Wells can match a poet's eyes 

In wanton water-works ; he'll tune his tears 

10 From a Geneva jig up to the spheres. 

But then he mourns at distance, weeps aloof. 

Now that the conduit head is our own roof, 

Now that the fate is public, Vv^e may call 

4 Distilled with art, is but the sweat o' th' brain. '53, '59, 

'62, '%t>. 
6 Be quavered out by soft division? '53, '59, '62, 'Q$. 
11 But when he mourns at distance, weeps aloof, '53, '59, 
'G2, 'Qb. 

151 



It Britain*s vespers, England's funeral. 
Who hath a pencil to express the Saint 
But he hath eyes too washing off the paint ? 
There is no learning but what tears surround, 
Like to Seth's pillars in the Deluge drowned. 
There is no Church; Religion is grown 

SO So much of late that she's increased to none, 
Like a hydropic bodj^ full of rheums, 
First swells into a bubble, then consumes. 
The Law is dead or cast into a trance, — 
And by a law dough-baked, an Ordinance! 
The Liturgy, whose doom was voted next, 
Died as a comment upon him the text. 
There's nothing lives ; life is, since he is gone. 
But a nocturnal lucubration. 
Thus you have seen death's inventory read 
30 In the sum total, Canterbury's dead; 
A sight would make a Pagan to baptize 
Himself a convert in his bleeding eyes; 
Would thaw the rabble, that fierce beast of ours, 
(That which hyena-like weeps and devours,) 
Tears that flow brackish from their souls within, 
Not to repent, but pickle up their sin. 
Mean time no squalid grief his looks defiles. 
He gilds his sadder fate with nobler smiles. 
Thus the world's eye, with reconciled streams, 

40 Shines in his showers as if he wept his beams. 
How could success such villanies applaud.'^ 



20 From much of late that she's increased to none; '53, *59, 

'62, '65. 
29 Thus have you seen death's inventory read; '59, '62, ^65. 
38 He gilds his sadder fate with noble smiles. '53, '59, '62, '65. 

152 



The State in Strafford fell, the Church in Laud ; 
The twins of public rage, adjudged to die 
For treasons they should act by prophecy ; 
The fact were done before the laws were made ; 
The trump turned up after the game was played. 
Be dull, great spirits, and forbear to climb, 
For worth is sin and eminence a crime. 
No churchman can be innocent and high. 
50 'Tis height makes Grantham steeple stand awry. 



153 



Of "THE HUE AND CRY/' Etc, 

The effect of the Scotch intervention was soon apparent. In 
the Battle of Marston Moor, July 2, 1644, the resistance of the 
Scotch foot reversed the condition, and turned a Royalist vic- 
tory into an overwhelming Royalist defeat. Rupert's famous 
cavalry was scattered " like the dust " before Cromwell's Iron- 
sides. In the meantime, the " Mixed Assembly " had been sit- 
ting and by November 21, 1644, was able to report that it had 
accomplished its object. On that date it sent to the Parlia- 
ment " The New Directory of Worship," and on January 4th 
of the next j^ear it was adopted by the House. Adoniram By- 
field, cne of the clerks of the Assembly, was ordered to put it 
on sale, and from report he made a very good thing out of it. 



THE HUE AND CRY AFTER 
SIR JOHN PRESBYTER 

With hair in characters and lugs in text ; 
With a splaj mouth and a nose circumflexed ; 
With a set rufF of musket-bore that wears 
Like cartrages or hnen bandoleers 
Exhausted of their sulphurous contents 
In pulpit fire-works, which that bomball vents; 
The Negative and Covenanting Oath, 
Like two mustachoes issuing from his mouth; 
The bush upon his chin like a carved story, 
10 In a box-knot cut by the Directory: 

1 With Hair in Character, and Lugs in Text, '77, '87, '99. 
3 With a set ruffe or Musket-bore, that wears, '62, ^Q5. 
6 In Pulpit Fire-works, which the Bombal vents; '77, '87, '99. 
154 



Madam's confession hanging at his ear, 
Wire-drawn through all the questions, how and 
Each circumstance so in the hearing felt [where ; 
That when his ears are cropped he'll count them 
The weeping cassock scared into a jump, [gelt; 
A sign the presbyter's worn to a stump, — 
The presbyter, though charmed against mischance 
With the divine right of an Ordinance! 
If you meet any that do thus attire 'em, 

20 Stop them, they are the tribe of Adoniram. 
What zealous phrenzy did the Senate seize, 
To tear the Rochet to such rags as these? 
Episcopacy minced, reforming Tweed 
Hath sent us runts even of her Church's breed, 
Lay interlining clergy, a device 
That's nickname to the stuff called lops and lice. 
The beast at wrong end branded. 
The Devil's footsteps in his cloven face ; 
A face of several parishes and sorts, 

30 Like to a sergeant shaved at Inns of Courts. 

What mean these elders else, those Kirk dragoons, 
Made up of ears and ruffs like ducatoons ; 
That hierarchy of handicrafts begun ; 
Those New Exchange men of religion? 
Sure, they're the antick heads, which placed 
without 



11 Madams Confession hanging at his ears, '63. 

15 The Weeping Cassock scor'd into a Jump, '87, '99. 

22 That tare the Rotchet to such rags as these .^ '77, '87, '99. 

30 Like to Serjeant shav'd at Inns of Court. '77, '87, '99. 

31 What mean the Elders else, those Kirk Dragoons, '77, 

'87, '99. 

155 



Tlic church, do gape and disembogue a spout. 
Like them above the Commons' House, they've 
So long without ; now both are gotten in, [been 
Then what imperious in the bishop sounds, 

40 The same the Scotch executor rebounds; 
This stating prelacy the classic rout 
That spake it often, e'er it spake it out. 
(So by an abbey's skeleton of late 
I heard an echo supererogate 
Through imperfection and the voice restore, 
(As if she had the hiccough o'er and o'er.) 
Since they our mixed diocesans combine 
Thus to ride double in their discipline. 
That Paul's shall to the Consistory call 

50 A Dean and Chapter out of Weavers' Hall, 
Each at the ordinance for to assist 
With the five thumbs of his groat-changing fist. 
Down, Dagon-synod, with thy motley ware. 
Whilst we are champions for the Common Prayer, 
(That love-like embassy that wings our sense 
To Heaven's gate in shape of innocence.) 
Pray for the mitred authors, and defy 



37 Like them above the Commons House have been '53, '59, 
'62, '65, R. 
Like them above the Commons House t' have been *77, 
'87, '99. 
40 The same the Scots Executor rebounds: '62. 
42 That spake it often, e're it speak it out; '62. 

That speak it often, e'r it spake it out. '77, '87, '99. 

52 With five thumbs of this great-changing fist. '53. 

53 Down Dragon-Synod with thy motley ware, '62. 

54 Whylst we do swagger for the Common-Prayer, '53, '59, 

'62, '65, R. 

155 



Those demicastors of divinity ! ^ ^ 

For, when Sir John with Jack-of -all-trades joins, 
60 His finger's thicker than the prelates' loins. 



59 These Demicastors of Divinity. '53, '59, '62 65, R. 

59 For where «ir John with Jack-of-all trades joyns, 59, 

'62, '65, R. 

157 



Of "THE GENERAL ECLIPSE." 

From the long continuance of the war, both armies had be- 
come demoralized; it was the Parliament which first took the 
remedy, and in April, 1645, the " New Model " army was called 
into existence. The efficience of this was soon shown in the 
Battle of Naseby, June 14th. Rupert charged, carrying all 
before him; but in his eagerness he pursued too far, and 
the battle was lost. It was decisive; the Royalists fled in all 
directions. The Queen fortunately was abroad; the Prince 
hastened to the Scilly Islands; and Charles himself wandered 
vaguely to re-collect an army. John Lilburne, who had been a 
prominent Puritan, by his refusal to accept the Self-Denying 
Ordinance, was consequently excluded from the New Model 
Army and in opposition to the House. 



THE GENERAL ECLIPSE 

Ladies that gild the ghttering noon 
And by reflection mend his ray, 

Whose beauty makes the sprightly sun 
To dance as upon Easter-day, 

What are you now the Queen's away? 

Courageous Eagles, who have whet 

Your eyes upon majestic light, 
And thence derived such martial heat 

That still your looks maintain the fight, 
10 What are you since the King's goodnight? 

158 



Cavalier-buds, whom Nature teems 
As a reserve for England's throne, 

Spirits whose double edge redeems 

The last Age and adorns your own. 
What are you now the Prince is gone ? 

As an obstructed fountain's head 
Cuts the entail off from the streams 

And brooks are disinherited, 

Honour and Beauty are but dreams 
20 Since Charles and Mary lost their beams ! 

Criminal Valours, who commit 

Your gallantry, whose paean brings 

A psalm of mercy after it. 

In this sad solstice of the King's 

Your victory hath mewed her wings ! 

See, how your soldier wears his cage 

Of iron like the captive Turk 
And as the guerdon of his rage ! 

See, how your glimmering Peers do lurk, 
30 Or at the best, work journey-work! 

Thus 'tis a general eclipse 

And the whole world is a la mort ; 

Only the House of Commons trips 
The stage in a triumphant sort. 

Now e'en John Lilburn take them for it ! 



159 



Of "THE KING'S DISGUISE." 

For ten months longer the King maintained the struggle. 
His sole hope was to cause dissension between the Parliament 
and its allies the Scots, and for that purpose he carried on 
negotiations with both sides. The Scotch Army, under the 
command of Lesley, was besieging Newark in April of 1646. 
As the Parliamentary forces were about to beleaguer Oxford, 
on the 27th, he left it in disguise to surrender himself to th6 
Scots, and after wandering for eight days, voluntarily entered 
the imprisonment which was to end only with his life. 

Manchester we have found before as Lord Kimbolton; he 
had succeeded to the title, and was one of the Parliament's 
generals. If the statement in the preface to the 1677 edition 
is to be taken literally, this poem is definitely dated as May 2nd. 



THE KING'S DISGUISE. 

And why so coffined in this vile disguise 

That who but sees, blasphemes thee with his eyes? 

My twins-of-light within their penthouse shrink 

And hold it their allegiance to wink. 

O, for a state distinction to arraign 

Charles of high treason 'gainst my Sovereign ! 

What an usurper to his prince is wont, 

Cloister and shave him, he himself hath don' 't. 

His muffled feature speaks him a recluse — 

1 And why a Tenant to this vilei disguise, '53, '59, '62, ^65^ R. 

2 Wch who but sees, blasphems thee with his eyes? '53, '59, 

'Q^, '65, R.' 
4 And hold it their Allegiance now to wink. '53, '59, '62, 
'65, R. 

160 



10 His ruins prove him a religious house! 

The sun hath mewed his beams from off his lamp 
And majesty defaced the royal stamp. 
Is it not enough thy dignity's in thrall, 
But thou'lt transcribe it in thy shape and all. 
As if thy blacks were of too faint a dye 
Without the tincture of tautology? 
Flay an Egyptian for his cassock skin 
Spun of his country's darkness, line it within 
With Presbyterian budge, that drowsy trance, 

20 The Synod's sable foggy ignorance ; 
Nor bodily nor ghostly negro could 
Roughcast thy figure in a sadder mould. 
This privy-chamber of thy garb would be 
But the close mourner to thy Royalty. 
Then, break the circle of thy tailor's spell, 
A pearl within a rugged oyster shell. 
Heaven, which the minster of thy person owns. 
Will fine thee for dilapidations. 
Like to a martyred abbey's coarser doom, 

30 Devoutly altered to a pidgeon-room ; 

Or like a college by the changeling rabble, 
Manchester's Elves, transformed into a stable ; 

13 It's not enough thy Dignitie's in thrall, '59, '62, '65, R. 

14 But thou'lt transmute it in thy shape and all? '53, '59, 

'62, '65, R. 
19 With Presbyterian badge, that drawzy Trance '77, '87, '99. 

23 This Privy-Chamber of thy shape would be '53, '59, '62, 

'65, R. 

24 But the Close-mourner of thy Royalty: '53, '62. 

25 'Twill break the Circle of thy Jaylors spell, '53, '59, '62, 

'65, R. 

26 Heaven, which the Minister of thy Person owns, '87, '99. 
29 Like to the martyr'd Abbeys courser doom, '59, '62, '65, R. 

31 Or like the College by the changeling rabble, '59, '62, '65, R. 

161 



Or if there be a prophanation higher; 

Such is the sacrilege of thine attire 

By which thou art half deposed. Thou lookest 

Whose looks are under sequestration ; [like one 

Whose renegado form at the first glance 

Shows like the Self-denying Ordinance ; 

Angel of light, and darkness too, (I doubt) 

40 Inspired within and yet possessed without; 
Majestic twilight in the state of grace, 
Yet with an excommunicated face. 
Charles and his mask are of a different mint; 
A psalm of mercy in a miscreant print. 
The sun wears midnight, day is beetle-browed, 
And lightning is in kelder of a cloud. 
O the accursed stenography of state! 
The princely eagle shrunk into a bat ! 
What charm, what magic vapor can it be 

50 That checks his rays to this apostasy? 
It is no subtile film of tiffany air, 
No cobweb vizard such as ladies wear 
When they are veiled on purpose to be seen, 
Doubling their lustre by their vanquished screen. 
No, the false scabbard of a prince is tough 
And three-piled darkness, like the smoky slough 
Of an imprisoned flame ; 'tis Fawkes in grain ; 
Dark lantern to our bright meridian. 

47 Oh the accurst stenography of fate! '53, '59, '62, '65, R. 

55 Nor the false scabbard of a Princes tough '53, '59, '62, 

'65, R. 

56 Mettal, and three pil'd darknesse, like the slough '53, '59, 

'62, '65, R. 

57 Of an imprison'd flame; 'tis Faux in grain, '53, '59, '62, 

'65, '77, '87, '99, R. 

58 park lanthorn to our high Meridian, '53, '59, '62, '65, R. 

162 



Hell belched the damp ; the Warwick Castle vote 
60 Rang Britain's curfew, so our light went out, 
A black offender, should he wear his sin 
For penance, could not have a darker skin. 
His visage is not legible ; the letters 
Like a lord's name writ in fantastic fetters ; 
Clothes where a Switzer might be buried quick; 
Sure iliey would fit the body politic; 
False beard enough to thatch a poet's plot, 
(For that's the ambush of their wit, God wot;) 
Nay, all his properties so strange appear, 
70 You are not in the presence though the King be 
there. 
A libel is his dress, a garb uncouth, 
Such as the hue and cry once purged at mouth. 
Scribbling assassinate ! Thy lines attest 
An earmark due. Cub of the Blatant Beast; 
Whose breath, before 'tis syllabled for worse, 
Is blasphemy unfledged, a callow curse. 
The Laplanders, when they would sell a wind 
Wafting to hell, bag up thy phrase and bind 
It to the bark, which at the voyage end 
80 Shifts poop and breeds the colic in the Fiend. 
But I'll not dub thee with a glorious scar 
Nor sink thy sculler with a man-of-war. 
The black-mouthed Siquis and this slandering 
Both do alike in picture execute. [suit 

61-62 Omitted in '53, '59, '62, '65, R. 

63 Thy visage is not legible, the letters, '53, '59, '62, '65, R. 
67 False beard enough to fit a stages plot, '53, '59, '62, '65, R. 
69 Nay all his Properties so plain appear, '87, '99. 
75 Whose wrath before 'tis syllabled for worse, '53, '59, '62, 
'65, R. 

163 



But since we are all called Papists, why not date 
Devotion to the rags thus consecrate? 
As temples use to have their porches wrought 
With sphinxes, creatures on an antique draught, 
And puzzling portraitures to show that there 
90 Riddles inhabited ; the like is here. 

But pardon, Sir, since I presume to be 
Clerk of this closet to your Majesty. 
Methinks in this your dark mysterious dress 
I see the Gospel couched in parables. 
At my next view my purblind fancy ripes 
And shows Religion in its dusky types; 
Such a text royal, so obscure a shade 
Was Solomon in Proverbs all arrayed. 
Come, all the brats of this expounding age 

100 To whom the spirit is in pupilage. 

You that damn more than ever Samson slew, — 
And with his engine the same jaw-bone too! — 
How is it he scapes your inquisition free 
Since bound up in the Bible's livery.'* 
Hence, Cabinet-intruders ! Pick-locks, hence ! 
You, that dim jewels with your Bristol sense 
And characters, like witches, so torment 
Till they confess a guilt though innocent! 
Keys for this coffer you can never get ; 

110 None but St. Peter's opes this cabinet, 
This cabinet, whose aspect would benight 
Critic spectators with redundant light. 



89 And purling Portraitures, to shew that there '77, '87, '99. 
05 The second view my purblind phancv wipes, '77, '87, '99. 
100 Keys for this Cipher you can never £ret, '77, '87, '99. 
110 None bit St. Peter ope's this Cabinet, '53, '59, '62, '65, R. 

1G4 



A Prince most seen is least. What Scriptures 
The Revelation, is most mystical. [call 

Mount then, thou Shadow Royal, and with haste 
Advance thy morning-star, Charles, overcast. 
May thy strange journey contradictions twist 
And force fair weather from a Scottish mist. 
Heaven's confessors are posed, those star-eyed 
sages, 
120 To interrupt an eclipse thus riding stages. 
Thus Israel-like he travels with a cloud, 
Both as a conduct to him and a shroud. 
But O, he goes to Gibeon and renews 
A league with mouldy bread and clouted shoes ! 



116 Advance thy Morning-Star, Charles's overcast. '53. 
120 To interpret Eclipse, thus riding stages. '53, '59, '62, '65, R. 

165 



PART THREE 

POEMS ATTRIBUTED 
TO CLEVELAND BY 
MODERN SCHOLARS, NOT 
IN THE EDITION OF 1677 



ADDITIONAL POEMS 

The poems in Part III are taken from those which 
have been credited to Cleveland but which were not in- 
cluded in the authoritative edition of 1677. This 
edition was produced as a memorial by his two former 
pupils, and it claims to be free from the "false and 
spurious" poems which have "profaned" his reputa- 
tion. (For this preface, cf. App. D.) We may then 
assume that all poems included in this edition are gen- 
uine But apparently all his genuine poems were not 
included in this edition. In 1638 a memorial of Ben 
Jonson, entitled "Jonsonus Virbius," was published, 
in which were pieces signed by the prominent writers 
of the time. One bears the name of Cleveland. At 
that time he was unknown to the reading public, and 
there was no reason for a forgery to appear over his 
name ; moreover, to be admitted to such a publication 
was in itself a great compliment; there can be no 
question as to the authenticity of this poem. It is, 
however, not in the 1677 edition, and the question 
arises, How many more genuine poems are also ex- 
cluded.? The subject is complicated by the facts (a) 
no edition was authorized by him, and (b) that, as 
he was the most popular writer of the day, many 
poems were fathered upon him by tricky publishers, 
sometimes under the heading "Uncertain Authors," 
and sometimes merely as "Additions." The bulk of 

169 



ADDITIONAL POEMS 

this apocryphal matter Is treble that of his undoubted 
work. In 1659 E. Williamson, who claimed to have 
been intimate with Cleveland in Newark, brought out 
an almost entirely new compilation, "the remainder of 
Mr. Cleveland's last never-before-printed pieces," 
under the title of "Cleveland Revived." His preface 
(cf. App. D.) tells us "indeed most of his former 
printed poems were truly his own, except such as have 
been lately added to make up the volume ; at the first 
some few of his verses were printed with the 'Charac- 
ter of a London Diurnal,' a stitched pamphlet in 
quarto: afterwards, as I have heard Mr. Cleveland 
say, the copies of verses that he communicated to his 
friends, the book-seller by chance meeting with them, 
being added to his book, they sold him another impres- 
sion; in like manner such small additions (though but 
a paper or two of his incomparable verses or prose) 
posted off other editions ..." There was, then, 
in 1659, some doubt as to which were Cleveland's gen- 
uine poems. But Williamson, to make matters worse, 
added "some other poems . . . such as the reader 
shall find to be of such persons as were for the most 
part Mr. Cleveland's contemporaries. ... I hope 
the world cannot be so far mistaken in his Genuine 
Muse, as not to discern his pieces from any of the 
other poems." The condition as given in this preface 
is, then, ( 1 ) that certain poems only doubtfully iden- 
tified were mingled with others definitely known to be 
of other authorship and the whole published under his 
name; and (2) that the "King's Return" and the 

170 



ADDITIONAL POEMS 

"Rebel Scot" are the only ones of this edition included 
in that of 1667. 

But this was not due to the ignorance of the later 
editors who thus scornfully attack the "Cleaveland 
Revived" in their preface : "We know that you have 
not without passionate resentments beheld the prosti- 
tution of his name in some late editions vended under 
it, wherein his orations are murdered over and over in 
barbarous latin, and a more barbarous translation, and 
wherein is scarce one or other poem of his own to com- 
mute for all the rest . . . Cleveland thus 'revived,' 
dieth another death." Then, in 1687, a volume was 
issued including not only the 1677, but also all poems, 
with but four exceptions, that had ever appeared 
under his name; Williamson's significant preface, 
however, and the equivalent insertion on the title- 
page were, however, omitted. This edition, Lowndes' 
"best" edition, has been fruitful of error, as thus 
there is no intimation that these poems are not genu- 
ine, and many inferences have been based upon pieces 
which he certainly did not write. Fifty-six have been 
traced to their proper authors; forty remain uniden- 
tified. Of these forty, as they were not included in 
the 1677 edition, the presumption is against their au- 
thenticity. Every piece must be proved. In the case 
of those of the "Cleaveland Revived" the proof must 
be sufficiently strong to over-ride the expressed dissent 
of the 1677 editors who, much more than we, were in a 
position to know. The poems in Part III are those 
either given to Cleveland by critics, or they have been 

171 



ADDITIONAL POEMS 

selected on the grounds of external or internal evi- 
dence. The three poems, "On Christ-Church Win- 
dows," "The Schismatick," and "Zealous Discourse 
between the Parson of the Parish and Tebitha," which 
are assigned to Cleveland by "Mr. B." in the notes to 
Grey's edition of "Hudibras," 1744, are here omitted. 
It is noticeable that Grey himself always refers to the 
1677 edition; Mr. B., on the contrary, apparently 
used the 1687 edition without any questioning. Two 
of the poems are very coarse, and the third was appar- 
ently written by an Oxford man. 

Internal criticism is always uncertain; the chief 
factor in the case, that undefined thing we call person- 
ality, cannot be put down in black and white. The 
following are the most pronounced characteristics of 
his verse: 

1. Very careless in rhymes: face — glass, dressed — 
east, wrong — tongue, together — either, vote — out, 
choice — paradise, bones — nonce, etc. ; throws accent 
on final syllable for the sake of rhyme : say — algebra, 
bear — minister, are — character, she — heraldry, cry — 
mortality ; the use of double rhymes : honour — on her, 
praise 't — taste, short — for 't, wooer — to her, figures 
— diggers, know it — poet, phrase — Indias; the rare 
use of the feminine ending. 

2. Normal form the tightened heroic couplet; 
overflow rare; the conceit is usually complete in the 
couplet, the first line broken into two phrases, the sec- 
ond rounding out the thought: 

172 



ADDITIONAL POEMS 

" Scots are like witches, do but whet your pen, 

Scratch till the blood come, they'll not hurt you then." 

3. No introduction ; the first line repeats a phrase 
from the title, and then follows a series of descriptive 
phrases without a verb — 

" Flea-bitten synod, an assembly brewed 
Of clerks and elders ana, like the rude 
Chaos of Presbytery, where laymen guide 
With the tame woolpack clergy by their side." 

— Mixed Assembly. 

4. Rare use of inversions. 

5. Rhetorical questions. 

6. Always elides the "e" in the past weak par- 
ticiple in "ed"— 

"So soft, 'tis air but once remov'd; 
Tender as 'twere a jelly glov'd." 

" The trump turn'd up after the game was play'd." 

7. The series of unrelated conceits. 



173 



MR. CLEVELAND'S REPLY FROM BELVOIR 
TO THE THREE NEWARK POETS. 

(Never before published; Egerton MS. 2725, British Mu- 
feum; probably genuine, as it is in his manner.) 

All hail to the poetic gleek, 

Bob, and Bob, and Stephen eke; 

The puny-demi-rhyming terse, 

The dwarfes, the elves, Tom Thumbs in verse, 

The very Jeffries of the limes, 

Both for reason and for rhymes. 

Who write but butter-milk and whey 

And yet for sack and claret pray. 

You that are poets of the dale 

Must take the finger first in ale. 

And leave the sack and claret beers 

To us, the Belvoir mountaineers. 

We are high comers, birds of fame, 

You are but tonies of the game. 

I will no more invention brew. 

But cut the rope and bid adieu. 

For we lose time to play at wasters 

With three such grievous poetasters. 



174 



AN ELEGY ON BEN JONSON 

(This has appeared in the "Jonsonus Virbius," where it is 
signed; consequently there can be no doubt as to its authen- 
ticity.) 

Who first reformed our stage with justest laws, 
And was the first best judge in his own cause; 
Who, when his actors trembled for applause, 

Could (with a noble confidence) prefer 
His own, by right, to a whole theatre ; 
From principles which he knew could not err : 

Who to his fable did his persons fit, 
With all the properties of art and wit, 
And above all that could be acted, writ: 

10 Who public follies did to covert drive. 
Which he again could cunningly retrive, 
Leaving them no ground to rest on and thrive : 

Here JONSON lies, whom, had I named before, 
In that one word alone I had paid more 
Than can be now, when plenty makes me poor. 

John Cleveland. 

2 And was the first best judge in your own cause: "Jons. 

Virbius." 
5 His own, by Right, to a noble Theater; '60, '68, '87, '99. 
7 Who to his Fable did his Person fit, '60, '68, '87, '99. 
175 



TO THE MEMORY OF BEN JONSON 

("Jonsonus Virbius," unsigned, and the only anonymous 
piece in the collection. Gifford, in his reprint, misled by its 
appearance in the " Cleaveland Revived," supplied the initials 
•' J. C." However, as no other author contributed more than 
one piece, and as Cleveland signed his own in full, it is prob- 
ably by some other author. Moreover, although Cleveland is 
occasionally careless in the matter of pure rhymes, there is 
never such a large proportion of mere assonance in his genuine 
work. This piece; is surely not by Cleveland.) 

The Muses' fairest light in no dark time ; 
The wonder of a learned age ; the line 
Which none can pass; the most proportioned wit, 
To nature, the best judge of what was fit; 
The deepest, plainest, highest, clearest pen ; 
The voice most echoed by consenting men: 
The soul which answered best to all well said 
By others, and which most requital made ; 
Tuned to the highest key of ancient Rome, 
10 Returning all her music with his own. 

In whom with nature study claimed a part. 
And yet who to himself owed all his art : 
Here lies Ben Jonson ! Every age will look 
With sorrow here, with wonder on his book. 



13 Yet who unto himself ow'd all this Art: *60, '68, '87, '99. 

176 



ODE TO BEN JONSON, UPON HIS ODE TO 
HIMSELF 

("Q. Horatius Flaccus, His Art of Poetry, Englished by 
Ben Jonson; London, 1640." This poem has never appeared in 
any of Cleveland's editions. With the exception of the folio 
of 1692, I have examined all the editions of the collected works 
of Jonson, and it does not appear in them until Gifford's edi- 
tion of 1816. There it is signed in full, John Cleveland. In 
the back of the copy of the " Art of Poetry " in the Yale 
Library, there is a manuscript note saying that the book had 
formerly belonged to Gifford; so probably it was from that 
particular copy that Gifford took the poem. However, there 
the signature is simply the initials " I. C." Apparently he had 
no other authority for attributing the poem to Cleveland. Mr. 
Ebsworth, in the " Dictionary of National Biography," assumes 
this authorship and gives Cleveland the adjective "honest" in 
consequence. However, there is no external authority; inter- 
nally it shows a greater knowledge of Greek than his other 
poems, and it is not characteristic of his versification. The 
footnotes appended are the author's own, — another feature un- 
like! Cleveland.) 

Proceed in thy brave rage 
Which hath raised up our stage 
Unto that height as Rome, in all her state, 

Or Greece might emulate; 
Whose greatest senators did silent sit, 
Hear and applaud the wit, 
Which those temperate times 
Used when it taxed their crimes; 
Socrates stood and heard with true delight 
10 All that the sharp Athenian Muse could write 

177 



Against his supposed fault; 
And did digest the salt 
That from that full vein did so freely flow : 

And, though that we do know 
The Graces jointly strove to make that breast 
A temple for their rest, 
We must not make thee less 
Than Aristophanes. 
He got the start of thee in time and place, 
20 But thou hast gained the goal in art and grace. 

But if thou make thy feasts 
For the high-relished guests 
And that a cloud of shadows shall break in, 

It were almost a sin 
To think that thou shouldst equally delight 
Each several appetite; 
Though Art and Nature strive 
Thy banquets to contrive. 
Thou art our* whole Menander, and dostf look 
30 Like the old Greek; think then but on hisj cook. 
* Caesar called lerence, Menander halfed, because he wanted 
so much of his grace and sharpness. Ben Jonson may well be 
called our Menander lohole, as more exceeding him as much in 
sharpness and grace, as Terence wanted of him. 

f Ben Jonson is said to be very like the picture we have of 
Menander, taken from an ancient medal. 

$ Menander, in a fragment of one of his comedies, makes his 
Cook speak after this manner of the diversities of tastes, viz.: 
What is his usual fare: 
What country man is he? 
These things 'tis meet the Cook should scan: 
For such nice guests as in the Isles are bred. 
With various sorts of fresh fish nourished, 
In salt meat take little or no delight, 
But taste them with fastidious appetite. 
178 



If thou thy full cups bring 
Out of the Muses' spring 
And there are some foul mouths had rather drink 

Out of the common sink, 
There let them seek to quench th' hydropic thirst 
Till the swoln humour burst. 
Let him, who daily steals 
From thy most precious meals, 
Since thy strange plenty finds no loss by it, 
40 Feed himself with the fragments of the wit. 

And let those silken men, 
That know not how or when 
To spend their money or their time, maintain 

With their consumed no-brain 
Their barbarous feeding on such gross base stuff 
As only serves to puff 
Up the weak, empty mind. 
Like bubbles full of wind. 
And strive t' engage the scene with their damned 
oaths, 
50 As they do with the privilege of their clothes. 

Whilst thou takest that high spirit, 
Well purchased by thy merit: 
Great Prince of Poets, though thy head be gray, 

Crown it with Delphic bay. 
And from the chief (pin) in Apollo's choir 
Take down thy best tuned lyre, 
Whose sound shall pierce so far 
It shall strike out the star 

55 (pin) Gilford's emendation. 
179 



Which fabulous Greece durst fix in heaven, whilst 
thine 
60 With all due glory here on earth shall shine. 

Sing, English Horace, sing 
The wonder of thy King ; 
Whilst his triumphant chariot runs his whole 

Bright course about each pole. 
Sing down the Roman harper ; he shall rain 
His bounties on thy vein, 
And with his golden rays 
So gild thy glorious bays, 
That Fame shall bear on her unwearied wing 
TO What the best Poet sung of the best King. 

I.e. 



180 



THE SCOTS' APOSTASY. 

(This appears in two of the editions of 1647 under the head- 
ing, " Uncertain Authors " ; it is in all subsequent editions ex- 
cept those of the " Cleaveland Revived " and the edition of 
1677; it is credited to Cleveland by Lloyd in 1668 with other of 
his genuine pieces. Internally it shows his manner, or a very 
clever imitation of his manner.) 

Is it come to this ? What shall the cheeks of Fame, 
Stretched with the breath of learned Loudoun's 

name, 
Be flagged again.'' And that great piece of sense. 
As rich in loyalty as eloquence, 
Brought to the test, be found a trick of state? 
Like chemists' tinctures, proved adulterate? 
The Devil sure such language did achieve 
To cheat our unforewarned Grandam Eve, 
As this impostor found out to besot 
10 The experienced English to believe a Scot! 
Who reconciled the Covenant's doubtful sense. 
The Commons' argument, or the City's pence? 
Or did you doubt persistence in one good 
Would spoil the fabric of your brotherhood. 
Projected first in such a forge of sin. 
Was fit for the grand Devil's hammering? 
Or was it ambition that this damned fact 

2 Stretcht with the breath of learned Londons name, Rump 

Songs. 
4 As rich in Loyalty and Eloquence, '53, '59, '62, '87, '99. 
181 



Should tell the world jou know the sins you act? 
The infamy this super-treason brings 

20 Blasts more than murders of your sixty kings ; 
A crime so black, as being advisedly done, 
Those hold with this no competition. 
Kings only suffered then; in this doth lie 
The assassination of the Monarchy. 
Beyond this sin no one step can be trod. 
If not to attempt deposing of your God. 
Oh, were you so engaged that we might see 
Heaven's angry lightning about your ears to flee 
Till you were shrivelled to dust, and your cold 
Land 

80 Parched to a drought beyond the Lybian sand ! 
But 'tis reserved ! Till Heaven plague you worse, 
Be objects of an epidemic curse. 
First, may your brethren, to whose viler ends 
Your power hath bawded, cease to be your friends 
And, prompted by the dictates of their reason. 
Reproach the traitor though they hug the treason : 
And may their jealousies increase and breed 
Till they confine your steps beyond the Tweed: 
In foreign nations may your loathed name be 

40 A stigmatizing brand of infamy. 

Till forced by general hate you cease to roam 
The world, and for a plague to live at home; 
Till you resume your poverty and be 
Reduced to beg where none can be so free 
To grant : and may your scabby Land be all 
Translated to a general hospital: 
Let not the sun afford one gentle ray 

22 Those hold with these no competition. '59, '62, 'G5, '87, '99. 

182 



To give you comfort of a summer's day; 
But, as a guerdon for your traitorous war, 

50 Live cherished only by the Northern Star: 
No stranger deign to visit your rude coast, 
And be to banished men as lost: 
And such, in heightening of the infliction due, 
Let provoked princes send them all to you : 
Your State a chaos be where not the Law, 
But power, your lives and liberties may awe: 
No subject 'mongst you keep a quiet breast, 
But each man strive through blood to be the best ; 
Till, for those miseries on us you've brought, 

60 By 3^our own sword our just revenge be wrought. 
To sum up all — let your religion be, 
As your allegiance, masked hypocrisy, 
Until, when Charles shall be composed in dust. 
Perfumed with epithets of good and just, 
HE saved, incensed Heaven may have forgot 
To afford one act of mercy to a Scot, 
Unless that Scot deny himself and do, 
(What's easier far) renounce his Nation too. 



183 



AN EPITAPH ON THE EARL OF 
STRAFFORD 

(In all five of the 1647 editions, in two of which under the 
heading " Uncertain Authors " ; in all subsequent editions ex- 
cept the " Cleaveland Revived " ; attributed by Nichols. Inter- 
nally unlike his manner.) 

Here lies wise and valiant dust 
Huddled up 'twixt good and just; 
Strafford, who was hurried hence 
'Twixt treason and convenience. 
He spent his time here in a mist ; 
A Papist, yet a Calvinist; 
His Prince's nearest joy and grief, 
He had, yet wanted, all relief; 
The prop and ruin of the State; 
10 The People's violent love and hate ; 
One in extremes loved and abhorred. 
Riddles lie here, and in a word. 
Here lies blood; and let it lie 
Speechless still and never cry. 



12 Riddles lie here, or in a word, '53. 

184, 



THE DEFINITION OF A PROTECTOR 

(Appears only in the " Cleaveland Revived": internally; ' 
Cleveland always elides the " ed " when possible, — " stamped " 
and "quartered" are not in his use, — probably not genuine.) 

What's a Protector? He's a stately thing 
That apes it in the nonage of a King; 
A tragic actor ; Caesar in a clown ; 
He's a brass farthing stamped with a crown; 
A bladder blown, with others' breaths puffed full; 
Not the Perillus but Perillus' bull; 
JEsop's proud ass veiled in the lion's skin; 
An outward saint lined with a devil within; 
An echo whence the royal sound doth come, 
10 But just as a barrel-head sounds like a drum; 
Fantastic image of the royal head ; 
The brewers with the King's arms quartered. 
He is a counterfeited piece that shows 
Charles his effigies with a copper nose. 
In fine, he's one we must Protector call. 
From whom the King of Kings protect us all! 

Oportet C. R. 



PROTECTOR) 



anagram ) 



6 A Bladder blown, with other Breaths puft full, '87, '99. 
185 



ON BLACK EYES 

(Appears only in the " Cleaveland Revived"; attributed by 
Nichols ; very unlike his manner ; Cleveland never rhymes " im " 
with " om.") 

In faith, 'tis true I am in love. 

'Tis jour black eyes have made me so. 
My resolutions they remove 

And former niceness overthrow. 

Those glowing charcoals set on fire 
A heart that former flames did shun, 

Who, as heretic unto desire, 

Now's judged to suffer martyrdom. 

But Beauty, since it is thy fate 
10 At distance thus to wound so sure, 
Thy virtues I will imitate 

And see if distance prove a cure. 

Then farewell, Mistress ! Farewell, Love ! 

Those lately entertained desires. 
Wise men can from that plague remove. 

Farewell, Black Eyes! and farewell. Fires. 

If ever I my heart acquit 

Of those dull flames, I'll bid a pox 
On all black eyes and swear they're fit 

20 For nothing but a tinder-box! 

186 



NEWS FROM NEWCASTLE 

OR NEWCASTLE COAL-PITS 

(Appears only in the " Cleaveland Revived"; attributed by 
Nichols; it is certainly characteristic of his manner in every 
particular. It is quoted by Johnson in his "Life of Cowley.") 

England's a perfect world, hath Indies too; 

Correct your maps, Newcastle is Peru ! 

Let the haughty Spaniard triumph till 'tis told 

Our sooty minerals refine his gold. 

This will sublime and hatch the abortive oar 

When the sun tires and stars can do no more. 

No mines are current, unrefined and gross; 

Coals make the sterling, Nature but the dross. 

For metals Bacchus-like two births approve. 
10 Heaven heats the Semele and ours the Jove. 

Thus Art doth polish Nature ; 'tis the trade. 

So every madame hath her chambermaid. 

Who'd dote on gold "^ A thing so strange and odd 

'Tis most contemptible when made a god! 

All sin and mischief hence have rise and swell ; 

One India more would make another Hell. 

Our mines are innocent, nor will the North 

Tempt poor mortality with too much worth. 

They're not so precious ; rich enough to fire 
20 A lover, yet make none idolater. 

The moderate value of our guiltless ore 

Makes no man atheist, nor no woman whore. 
187 



Yet why should hallowed Vestals' sacred shrine 
Deserve more honour than a flaming mine? 
These pregnant wombs of heat would fitter be, 
Than a few embers, for a deit3^ 
Had he our pits, the Persian would admire 
No sun, but warm his devotion at our fire. 
He'd leave the trotting whipster and prefer 

30 Our profound Vulcan 'bove that Waggoner. 
For wants he heat, or light, or would have store 
Of both? 'Tis here. And what can suns give 

more ? 
Nay, what's the sun but, in a different name, 
A coal-pit rampant, or a mine on flame? 
Then let this truth reciprocally run. 
The sun's Heaven's coalery, and coals our sun; 
A sun that scorcheth not, locked up in the deep ; 
The lions chained, the bandog is asleep. 
That tyrant fire, which uncontrolled doth rage, 

40 Here's calm and hushed, like Bajazet in the cage. 
For in each coal-pit there doth couchant dwell 
A muzzled Etna, or an innocent Hell. 
Kindle the cloud, you'll lightning then descry; 
Then will day break from the gloomy sky ; 
Then you'll unbutton though December blow. 
And sweat in the midst of icicles and snow ; 
The dog-days then at Christmas. Thus is all 
The year made June and equinoctial. 
If heat off'ends, our pits aff*ord us shade, 

32 Or both? 'Tis here: And what can Suns give- more? '68, 

'87, '99. 
38 The Lions chang'd, the Bandog is a sleep. '68. 
45 Then you'll unbottom, though December blow, '68, '87, '99. 
49 If Heat oflFends, our Pits affords us Shade, '60, '68, '87, '99. 

188 



50 Thus summer's winter, winter summer's made. 
What need we baths, what need we bower or 
A coal-pit's both a ventiduct and stove, [grove? 
Such pits and caves were palaces of old; 
Poor inns, God wot, yet in an age of gold; 
And what would now be thought a strange de- 
To build a house was then to undermine, [sign, 
People lived under ground, and happy dwellers 
Whose j ovial habitations were all cellars ! 
These primitive times were innocent, for then 

60 Man, who turned after fox, made but his den. 
But see a fleet of vitals trim and fine. 
To court the rich infanta of our mine; 
Hundreds of grim Leanders do confront, 
For this loved Hero, the loud Hellespont. 
'Tis an armada royal doth engage 
For some new Helen with this equipage; 
Prepared too, should we their addresses bar. 
To force this mistress with a ten years' war. 
But that our mine's a common good, a joy 

70 Made not to ruin but enrich our Troy. 

But oh ! These bring it with them and conspire 
To pawn that idol for our smoke and fire. 
Silver's but ballast; this they bring on shore 
That they may treasure up our better ore. 
For this they venture rocks and storms, defy 
All the extremity of sea and sky. 
For the glad purchase of this precious mold. 
Cowards dare pirates, misers part with gold. 
Hence is it when the doubtful ship sets forth 

80 The naving needle still directs it north, 
And, Nature's secret wonders to attest, 
189 



Our Indies' worth, discards both east and west 
For Tyne. Not only fire commends this spring, 
A coal-pit is a mine for everything. 
We sink a jack-of -all-trades, shop and sound. 
An inverse bourse, an exchange under ground. 
This Proteus earth converts to what you ha't; 
Now you may wear it to silk, now come it to 
And, what's a metamorphosis more dear, [plate, 
90 Dissolve it and 'twill turn to London beer. 
For whatsoe'er that gaudy city boasts, 
Each month doth drive to attractive coasts. 
We shall exhaust their chamber and devour 
Their treasure of Guild Hall and mint of the 

Tower. 
Our staiths their mortgaged streets will soon 

deride. 
Blazon their Cornhill-stella, share Cheapside. 
Thus shall our coal-pits' charity and pity 
At distance undermine and fire the City. 
Should we exact, they'd pawn their wives and 

treat 
100 To swop those coolers for our sovereign heat. 
'Bove kisses and embraces fire controlls; 
No Venus heightens like a peck of coals. 
Medea was a drug of some old sire 
And ^son's bath a lusty sea-coal fire. 
Chimneys are old men's mistresses, their inns, 
A modern dalliance with their meazled shins. 
To all defects a coal-heap gives a cure. 
Gives youth to age and raiment to the poor. 
Pride first wore clothes ; Nature disdains attire ; 

91-92 All editions read " boast " and " coast." 

190 



110 She made us naked 'cause she gave us fire. 

Full wharfs and wardrobes, and the tailor's charm 
Belongs to the collier ; he must keep us warm. 
The quilted alderman in all his array 
Finds but cold comfort in a frosty day; 
Girt, wrapped, and muffled, yet with all this stir 
Scarce warm when smothered in his drowsy fur ; 
Not proof against keen Winter's batteries i 

Should he himself wear all his liveries. 
But chillblain under silver spurs bewails 

120 And in embroidered buckskins blows his nails. 
Rich meadows and full crops are elsewhere found. 
We can reap harvest from our barren ground. 
The bald parched hills that circumscribe our 

Tyne 
Are no less pregnant in their hungry mine. 
Their unfledged tops so well content our palates, 
We envy none their nosegays and their sallets. 
A gay rank soil like a young gallant grows 
And spends itself that it may wear fine clothes, 
Whilst all its worth is to its back confined. 

130 Our wear's plain outside, but is richly lined ; 
Winter's above, 'tis summer underneath, 
A trusty morglay in a rusty sheath. 
As precious sables sometimes interlace 
A wretched serge or grogram cassock case. 
Rocks own no spring, are pregnant with no 

showers. 
Crystals and gems are there instead of flowers; 
Instead of roses, beds of rubies sweet 
And emeralds recompence the violet. 
Dame Nature, not like other madames, wears 
191 



140 Where she is bare, pearls in her breasts and ears. 
What though our fields present a naked sight ? 
A paradise should be an adamite. 
The northern lad his bonny lass throws down 
And gives her a black bag for a green gown. 



199 



UPON TOM OF CHRISTCHURCH 

(This appears only in the " Cleaveland Revived"; attributed 
by Professor Arber in his " Milton Anthology." Ihis charming 
little poem is unlike any of Cleveland's known pieces; there 
is again the stressed " ed " which does not occur in his genuine 
work. It was probably written by an Oxford man.) 

Thou that by ruin dost repair 

And by destruction art a founder, 
Whose art doth tell us what men are. 
Who by corruption shall rise sounder, 
In this fierce fire's intensive heat 
Remember this is Tom the Great. 

And Cyclops think at every stroke, 

Which with thy sledge his side shall wound, 
That then some statute thou hast broke 
10 Which long depended on his sound, 

And that our college gates did cry 
They were not shut since Tom did die. 

Think what a scourge 'tis to the city 
To drink and swear by Carfax bell 
Which, bellowing without tune or pity, 
The days and nights divides not well. 
But the poor tradesman must give o'er 
His ale at eight or sit till four. 



193 



We all in haste drink ofF our wine 
20 As if we never should drink more, 
So that the reckoning after nine 
Is larger now than that before. 

Release this tongue which erst could say 
"Home, scholars; Drawer, what's to pay?" 

So thou of order shall be founder, . 
Making a ruler for the people. 
One that shall ring thy praises wonder 
Than the other six bells in the steeple. 
Wherefore think, when Tom is running 
30 Our manners wait upon thy cunning. 

Then let him raised be from ground, 
The same in number, weight, and sound. 
So may thy conscience rule thy gain, 
Or, would thy theft might be thy bane! 



194 



AN ELEGY UPON KING CHARLES THE 

FIRST, MURDERED PUBLICLY BY 

HIS SUBJECTS 

(This was first published in the " Monumentum Regale, A 
Tombe erected for that Incomparable and Glorious Monarch, 
Charles the First; 1649." Also it is in the editions of 1653 and 
in all subsequent editions, except the " Cleaveland Revived." 
There are three on this same subject which appear together in 
the same editions; Mr. Scollard says two are by Cleveland, but 
he does not say which two; from internal criticism this is the 
only one which seems to me to bear any resemblance to his 
manner.) 

Were not my faith buoyed up by sacred blood, 
It might be drowned in this prodigious flood; 
Which reason's highest ground doth so exceed, 
It leaves my soul no anchorage but my creed ; 
Where my faith, resting on the original, 
Supports itself in this, the copy's fall. 
So while my faith floats on that bloody wood, 
My reason's cast away in this red flood 
Which ne'er o'erflows us all. Those showers past 
10 Made but land-floods which did some valleys waste. 
This stroke hath cut the only neck of land 
Which between us and this red sea did stand. 
That covers now our world which cursed lies 
At once with two of Egypt's prodigies, 
(O'ercast with darkness and with blood o'er-run,) 

3 Which Reasons highest ground do so exceed, '59, ^65, '87, '99, 
195 



And justly since our hearts have theirs outdone. 

The enchanter led them to a less known ill 

To act his sin, than 'twas their king to kill; 

Which crime hath widowed our whole nation, 
20 Voided all forms, left but privation 

In Church and State; inverting every right; 

Brought in Hell's state of fire without light. 

No wonder then if all good eyes look red. 

Washing their loyal hearts from blood so shed ; 

The which deserves each pore should turn an eye 

To weep out even a bloody agony. 

Let nought then pass for music but sad cries. 

For beauty bloodless cheeks and blood-shot eyes. 

All colors soil but black ; all odors have 
30 I'll scefft but myrrh, incensed on this grave. 

It notes a Jew not to believe us much 

The cleaner made by a religious touch 

Of this dead body, whom to judge to die 

Seems the judaical impiety. 

To kill the King, the Spirit Legion paints 

His rage with law, the Temple and the saints. 

But the truth is, he feared and did repine 

To be cast out and back into the swine. 

And the case holds in that the Spirit bends 
40 His malice in this act against his ends; 

For it is like the sooner he'll be sent 

Out of that body he would still torment. 

Let Christians then use otherwise this blood ; 

Detest the act, yet turn it to their good ; 



18 All editions read " then." 

33 Of their Dead Body, whom to judge to dye, '59, '62, '6S, 
'87, '99. 

196 



Thinking how like a King of Death he dies 
We easily may the world and death despise. 
Death had no sting for him and its sharp arm, 
Only of all the troop, meant him no harm. 
And so he looked upon the axe as one 

50 Weapon yet left to guard him to his throne. 
In his great name then may his subjects cry, 
"Death, thou art swallowed up in victory." 
If this, our loss, a comfort can admit, 
'Tis that his narrowed crown is grown unfit 
For his enlarged head, since his distress 
Had greatened this, as it made that the less. 
His crown was fallen unto too low a thing 
For him who was become so great a king. 
So the same hands enthroned him in that crown 

60 They had exalted from him, not pulled down. 
And thus God's truth by them hath rendered more 
Than e'er men's falsehood promised to restore; 
Which, since by death alone he could attain. 
Was yet exempt from weakness and from pain. 
Death was enjoined by God to touch a part. 
Might make his passage quick, ne'er move his 

heart. 
Which even expiring was so far from death 
It seemed but to command away his breath. 
And thus his soul, of this her triumph proud, 

70 Broke like a flash of lightning through the cloud 
Of flesh and blood ; and from the highest line 
Of human virtue, passed to be divine. 
Nor it is much less his virtues to relate 
Than the high glories of his present state. 
Since both, then, pass all acts but of belief. 



Silence may praise the one, the other grief. 
And since upon the diamond no less 
Than diamonds will serve us to impress, 
I'll only wish that for his elegy 
80 This our Josias had a Jeremy. 



198 



NOTES 



NOTES, 

Abbreviations used in these notes are: 

B. Glossographia: or a Dictionary Interpreting all such 
Hard Words, Whether Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Italian, French, 
Teutonick, Belgick, British or Saxon, as are now used in our 
refined English Tongue. Also all Terms of Divinity, Law, 
Physick, Mathmaticks, Heraldry, Anatomy, War, Musick, 
Architecture; and of several other Arts and Science Explicated. 
With Etymologies, Definitions, and Historical Observations on 
the same. Very useful for all such as desire to understand 
what they read. By T. B. of the Inner-Temple, Barrester. 
London, 1656. (This I have preferred to all authorities as in 
a work such as this the correct meaning or etymology of a 
word is not so important as the sense in which the author and 
his contemporaries used it.) 

M. Murray's New English Dictionary on Historical Princi- 
ples. 

C. The Century Dictionary. 
J. Johnson's Dictionary. 

Harl. The: Harleian Miscellany; a Collection of Scarce, 
Curious, and Entertaining Pamphlets and Tracts. London, 
1811. 

Page 63. 

FuscARA, OR THE Bee Errant, first appears in the second edi- 
tion of 1651, and in every subsequent edition except the four 
of the "Cleaveland Revived". It is quoted as the best example 
of wit in the 1677 preface, and it is the first poem in that 
edition. Many modern writers cite it as an example of the 
lack of restraint of the period. 

1. 2. Buckets, sweetmeats, J. (citing this passage.) ; by 
metonomy the art of making gold is put for the gold itself; 
the word alchemy suggests the figure of the next lines. 

1. 11. Distrain, to make seizure for debt. 

1. 13. Tincture, an alchemic term signifying pure gold after 
the dross has been removed. 

201 



1. 20. Transpiring, evaporating or exhaling. 

1. 22. This line is often quoted as the height of ridiculous. 
Page 64. 

1. 34. Inoculate, to yield a bud to another stock, J. (citing 
this passage.) ; that is to say, the wrist is freckled. Gosse: The 
word is again used p. 87, 1. 6. 

1. 35. She has fine yellow hairs. 

1. 37. The lines in the skin on the fingers. 

1. 50. The distance betw een the thumb and little finger when 
the fingers are extended; here used loosely for the whole hand. 

1. 52. So we read of the Danish king in Hamlet, Act 1, sc. 
iv. 10-12: 

"And as he drains his draughts of Rhenish down. 
The kettle-drum and trumpet thus bray out 
The triumph of his pledge." 
Page 65. 

1. 54. The familiar is a spirit or God of the household, 
among the heathens. (B.) 

1. 69. Lancepesade, the commander of over ten soldiers, the 
lowest officer in a foot company. 

1. 70. Ravaillac, the assassin of Henry of Navarre. 

1. 78. Danae, the mother of Perseus, was visited by Jove 
in a shower. The image here is inappropriate because it was 
not she who produced the golden shower; a better use of the 
myth is to be found p. 137, 1. 161-2. 

1. 82. Parricide, from parricidium, in the Ciceronian sense 
of treason, rebellion. 
Page 66. 

To THE State of Love, or the Senses Festival, occurs in the 
first edition of '51 and in all subsequent editions except those 
of the Cleveland Revived. In the edition of 1677, the title is 
simply The Senses' Festival. 

1. 2. The Seekers, at this time formed one of the numerous 
sects who claimed to be searching for the; true religion. In 
Sir John Birkenhead's Two Centuries of Paul's Church Yard, 
there is this allusion: Species Quarta: A new division of Oov- 
ernment into Monarchy, Aristocracy , Democracy, and Anarchy, 
by Nathaniel Bacon, of Gray's Inn, Esquire, which Fourth was 
found out by the four kinds of Seekers, some whereof did never 
seek at all. 

1. 3. Shaker; these lines consist of punning conceits upon 
the names of the various religious sects of the time I have 
found no reference to the Shakers then, and as the modern 

202 



Shakers were not established until the eighteenth century, it 
cannot refer to them. 

1. 6. Adamites, a sect which imitated Adam in doing with- 
out clothes. This is a favorite conceit with Cleveland. They 
agree in nothing else but that they are all Adaanites in under-^ 
standing. Character of a London Diurnal. The line suggests 
Donne's : 

"Her pure and eloquent blood 
Spoke in her cheeks, and so distinctly wrought 
That one might almost say her body thought." 

Anatomy of the World, 2d Anniversary, 244-5-6. 

1. 8. There is no noun for with the same except Adamite; 
here he seems to confuse that word with adamant, which in its 
double meaning of attraction and diamond, exactly gives the 
sense. M. gives no spelling in ite, however. 

1. 11. Juno is the Abbess of the Skies, and her bird is the 
peacock. 
Page 68. 

1. 62. There were three venters in the anatomy, the second 
of which was the breast. Her speech is, then, a kiss of the 
heart. 

1. 64. The allusion is, of course, to Fair Rosamond and her 
imprisonment in the labyrinth at Woodstock; for a description 
of which see Scott's novel of that name. 

1. 67. Pickeering, skirmishing; thus in Lovelace, The Toad 
and the Spider, 

"So within shot she doth pickear^ 
Now galls the flank, and now the rear." 
Page 69. 

1. 75. Boutesel; (a. ,F. boute-sellei, f. bouter, to put; selle, 
saddle). A trumpet call warning knights or cavalry to put 
on the saddle. (M. citing this passage.) 
Page 70. 

To Julia to Expedite her Promise, occurs first in the edi- 
tion of 1653, and in all subsequent editions, except those of 
the: Cleveland Revived. The first verse is quoted by Dr. John- 
son in his Life of Cowley, with the comment, "Who would 
imagine it possible that in a very few lines so many remote 
ideas could be brought together?" 

1. 1. Undershrieve, under-sheriff. 

1. 3. Advowson, the reversion of a spiritual promotion, and 
signifies in our common law a right to present a clergyman to 



a Benefice. (B.) Of course here used loosely to signify future 
possession. 

"As if Hypocrisy and Nonsense; 
Had got the Advowson of his conscience." 

—Hudibras, Part 1, C. 1, 235-6. 

1. 9. Rebated foins, thrusts with blunted swords, not a real 
combat then. 

1. 18. "Julian Account, so called from Juliys Caesar, who, 
44 yeers before the birth of Christ, observed the falseness of 
the account then in use, ordained the yeer to consist of 365 
days and six hours, which six hours in four yeers made 24 
hours or a day civil, and were added to the end of February; 
by reason whereof every fourth yeer contained 366 days and 
was called Annus Bissextile, or leap-year, because the sixth of 
the Calends of March was twice written, and the thing itself 
was called Intercalation. This account for many yeers seemed 
to have no sensible error, yet in the progress of time it was 
discovered to be not so exactly agreeable with the natural mo- 
tion of the Sun; For the Julian yeer exceeding the true Solar 
yeer 10 min. and 48 seconds, caused the Equinoxes and Sols- 
tices yeerly to change their places and flye back so many min- 
utes and seconds. Whereupon Pope Gregory the thirteenth, by 
the advice and direction of Antonius Lilius and other excellent 
Mathematicians, in the yeer of Christ, 1582, corrected the 
Calendar, making the yeer to consist of 365 days, 5 hours, 49 
m. 12 s. And that the vernal Equinox, which then was on the 
11 of March, might be reduced to the 21 of March, as it was 
at the time of the first Nicene Council; he commanded 10 days 
in the month of October, viz.: from the 4 to the 14, to be left 
out, so as the fourth day of the month was accounted for the 
14 day. Hence it comes to pass, that the new, forraign Lilian 
or Gregorian account is always 10 days before the old, the 
English or Julian account." B. 
Page 71. 

1. 26. The famous siege of Ostend, of which Motley gives a 
graphic account, was formally commenced July 5th, 1601. Of the 
surrender of the city he gives the following account: History 
of the United Netherlands, v. iv., p. 215 ff. "And thus the arch- 
dukes (Spaniards), after three years and seventy-seven days 
of siege, obtained their prize. ... It would be difficult to 
imagine a more desolate scene. . . . There were no churches, 
no houses, no redoubts, no bastions, no walls, nothing but a 

204, 



vague and confused mass of ruin. . . . There were no 
human habitations, no hovels, no casements. The inhabitants 
had burrowed at last in the earth, like the dumb creatures of 
the swamps and forests. ... At every step the unburied 
skulls of the brave soldiers who had died in the cause of free- 
dom grinned their welcome to the conquerors. . . . No 
human creatures were left save the wife of a freebooter and 
her paramour, a journeyman blacksmith." 

1. 34. Crisped, a synonym of curled, 

"So are those crisped snakie golden locks." Mer. of 

Ven., Act. Ill, sc. II. 
"Along the crisped shades and bowers 
Revels the spruce and jocund Spring." 

Comus, 984. 

1. 42. Pelops, the son of Tantalus, king of Lydia, was killed 
by his father and served at a banquet of the gods, of whom 
Ceres alone ate of the dish. Zeus restored him to life, replac- 
ing with ivory one: shoulder which Ceres had eaten. 

1. 44. Heriot, the tribute to the lord from the vassal. 

1. 47. Gripe, grasp of the hand. 

1. 48. Begealing, re-freezing. I am at a loss to explain the 
image, unless her eyes, like spheres of ice, melt tears, and 
cease, and melt again. 
Page 72. 

1. 52. Image from pool of Bethesda, St. John, 5, 2. 
Page 73. 

The Hecatomb to His Mistress, occurs in the first edition of 
1651 and in all subsequent editions except the Cleaveland Re- 
vived. The hecatomb was a sacrifice of a hundred cattle, and 
consequently there are just a hundred verses in the poem, 

1. 7. Postil (postilum), "a short exposition upon the Gospel, 
wherein more is observed, than hath been by others; so called 
from these words, 'post illos dies,' which are very frequent in 
Holy Writ." B. A postiller is one who writes postils; used 
here to denominate writers of short pieces, while his mistress 
occupies a hundred lines. 

1. 18. A Jacob's staff is a surveyor's instrument in use now 
as then. "Resolve that with your Jacob's staff." Hudibras, 
Part H, C. 3, 786. 
Page 74. 

1. 25. Ela, the" highest note in the gamut. B. 
Page 75. 

1. 57. Quick, lively, expressive'. 
205 



Page 76. 

1. 69-75. This passage is obscure as elliptical. I read it: 
you, whose heavy verse is fitter to describe the Muse's funeral 
than to describe Celia's looks, Celia whose bosom is paradise 
itself, now be inspired. Musk-cat, the animal signifying the 
heavy odor. 

1. 82. Quartans, fevers which come every fourth day. 

1. 89. Gotham. Fuller, Worthies of England, 1662, pp. 
315-6, gives the proverb, "As wise as the men of Gotham"; the 
origin is explained as follows in Thornton's Nottinghamshire, 
V. 3, pp. 42-3, as quoted in Notes and Queries^ 1, 2, 520. 
"King John intending to pass through this way towards Not- 
tingham, was prevented by the inhabitants, they apprehending 
that the ground over which a king passed was forever after 
to become a public road. The king, incensed at their proceed- 
ings, sent from his court, soon afterwards, some of his servants 
to inquire of them the reason of their incivility and illtreat- 
ment, that he might punish them. The villagers hearing of the 
approach of the king's servants, thought of an expedient to 
turn away his majesty's displeasure from them. When the 
messengers arrived at Gotham, they found some of the inhabi- 
tants endeavoring to drown an eel in a pool of water; some 
were employed in dragging carts upon a large barn, to shade 
the wood from the sun, and others were engaged in hedging 
a cuckoo which had perched itself upon an old bush. In short, 
they were all employed upon some foolish way. or other, which 
convinced the king's servants that it was a village of fools." 
Page 78. 

The Aktiplatonic occurs in the first edition of 1651 and in 
all subsequent editions except the Cleaveland Revived. 

1. 10. Pygmalion, a Cyprian sculptor, who fell in love with 
an ivory statue of his own carving. 

1. 12. "Niobe, the queen of Thebes, was the mother of four- 
teen children, all of whom were slain by Apollo and Artemis 
as a punishmen to her pride. Thereupon she was changed to 
rock and transported to Mt. Sipylus in Lydia." Ovid Meta- 
morphoses, VI., Sir Thomas Browne, Common and Vulgar 
Errors, 1686, p. 17. 

1. 14. Quarry, in the modern sense of stone-pit; a hit at the 
coldness of Platonic love. J. (citing this passage.) 

1. 19-20. The Platonic lovers, thus forming a sect apart, cal- 
cine love, i. e., reduce it to nothing but dust. 

206 



Page 79. 

1. 22. Dubs, stabs. M. (citing this passage.) 

1. 26. Green-sickness, a symptom of love in Burton's 
Anatomy; with it there is an unnatural appetite. 

1. 38. Cuirassier, one armed with a cuirass, most commonly 
spoken of horsemen. B. 
Page 80. 

Upo>r Phillis Walking ix a Mornikg Before Sux-risixg, 
occurs in all editions except the Cleaveland Revived. 
Page 83. 

To Mrs. K. T., Who Asked Him Why He Was Dumb. Writ- 
ten calente calamo, occurs in all editions except the Cleaveland 
Revived. In the early editions the phrase, written calente cala- 
mo, written with a glowing pen, is omitted. 

1. 16. The double meaning in silenced minister, is that many 
Puritan divines were silenced by Laud for political reasons. 
Page 84. 

1. 48. The old Legenda Aurea, or Golden Legend, was origi- 
nally written in Latin in the thirteenth century, by Jacobus 
de Voragine, a Dominican friar, who afterwards became: Arch- 
bishop of Genoa, and died in 1292. In the fifteenth century 
it was printed by Caxton. 
Page 85. 

A Fair Nymph Scorning a Black Boy Courting Her, oc- 
curs in all editions except the Cleaveland Revived. 

I. 2. "That Smoak doth follow the fairest, is a usual saying 
with us, and in many parts of Europe; whereof although there 
seem no natural ground, yet is the continuation of a very 
ancient opinion, as Petrus Victorius and Casaubon have ob- 
served from a passage in Atheneus, wherein a Parasite thus 
describeth himself: 

*To every Table first I come. 
Whence Porridge 1 am call'd by some: 
A Capaneus at Stairs I am. 
To enter any Room a Ram; 
Like Whips and Thongs to all I ply. 
Like Smoak unto the Fair I fly." 

Sir Thomas Browne, Common and Vulgar Errors, 1662,p, 219. 
Page 87. 

A Young Man to an Old Wo3ian Courting Him occurs in 
all editions except the Cleaveland Revived. Fletcher, Ex Otio 
Negotium, 1656, has a poem the antithesis of this, "An Old 

20T 



Man Courting a Young Girl." The treatment is much the 

same. 

Page 90. 

Upon a Miser Who Made a Great Feast axd the Next 
Day Died for Grief occurs in all editions but the Cleaveland 
Revived. 

1. 2. Liquorish, lickerish, greedy. 

1. 5. Hopkins, John Hopkins, associated with Thomas Stern- 
hold in the Whole Book of Psalms, Collected into English 
Meetre^ 1562, of which fifty-six are by him. I iselect at random 
from the thirty-fifth Psalm as an example of Hopkins' rhyme: 

17. "The bellie Gods and flattering traine, 
that all good things deride: 

At me do grin with great disdaine, 
and plucke their mouthes aside. 

18. Lord when wilt thou amend their geare, 
why dost thou stay and pause? 

O, rid my soule my only deare, 
out of these Lyons claws." 

Edition of 1601, p. 18. 
In the Character of a London Diurnal he says, "As Sternhold 
and Hopkins murder the: Psalms." 

1. 16. Tup^ the ram. 
Page 91. 
1. 25. Whinyard, a contemptuous name for sword. 
"He snatched his Whinyard up, that fled 
When he was falling off his steed." 

Hudibras, Part I., C. 22, 938-9. 
1. 29. Ajax, son of Telemon, when the armor of Achilles 
was awarded to Odysseus, became insane and fell upon a flock 
of sheep. 

"With greater Troops of Sheep h* had fought 
ITian Ajax." 

Hudibras, Part I., C. 2, 309. 
1. 39. Morglay, the sword of Bevis of Southampton; here 
used as the nam^ for any sword. 
Page 92. 

1. 48. Thyestes, the son of Pelops and brother of Atreus, 
seduced his brother's wife, whereupon Atreus killed his chil- 
dren and served them to the unsuspecting father. 

1. 50. Englishmen supposed that the Scotch, like the Jews, 
did not eat pork. 



'The Jewish Scot that scorns to eat 
The flesh of swine . . ." 

Bump Songs, Pt. 1, p. 337. 
"The things that are abominated there, 
Are clean shirts, swines' flesh, and the common prayer." 
Scotland Characterized, 1701, Harl., VII., 377. 
I. 54. The oranges, in line 54, suggested the golden apples 
of Atlas, which were watched by a dragon; to steal them was 
the eleventh labor of Hercules. 

1. 60. Jupiter, to save lo, his mistress, from the jealousy 
of Juno turned her into a white cow. Mull, obs. for cow, C. 
Page 93. 

1. 74. Ovid, in his Metamorphoses, tells how Acteon, be- 
cause he had seen Diana bathing, was changed by her into a 
stag and was torn to death by his own hounds. 
Page 94. 

Upox ak Hermaphrodite occurs in all editions except the 
Cleaveland Revived. This was printed in the 1640, 1643(?), 
1652, 1664, and 1668 editions of Randolph's Poems, but not in 
the 1638, the first. In Beaumont's Poems, 1653, it appears 
with the heading: "The Hermaphrodite, made after M. Beau- 
mont's death, by Thomas Randolph, M. A., sometime Fellow 
of Trinity College, in Cambridge." 

This edition of Beaumont is thoroughly untrustworthy, 
and judging also from the following poem, Cleveland is cer- 
tainly the author. To my surprise it is credited to Randolph 
in the last edition of his works, London, 1875, edited by W. 
Carew Hazlitt. 

1. 12. Genesis, 2, 21-22. 

"And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, 
and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the 
flesh instead thereof; and the rib which the Lord God had 
taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the 
man." 

"Man was not man in Paradise, 
Until he was created twice. 
And had his better Half, his Bride, 
Carv'd from th' Original, his Side, 
T' amend his natural Defects, 
And perfect his recruiting Sex; 
Inlarge his Breed, at once, and lessen 
The Pains and Labour of increasing, 
By changing them for other Cares, 
209 



As by his dr^^'d-up Paps appears; 
His body, that stupendous Frame, 
Of all the World the Anagram, 
Is of two equal Parts compact. 
In sjTnmetry and shape exact, 
Of which the Left and Female Side 
Is, to the manly Right, a Bride, 
Both join'd together with such Art, 
That nothing else but Death can part." 

Hudihras, Part 3, C. 764, &ff. 
For an elaborate discussion of this belief, see Chapt. 2, Bk, 
VII., of Browne's Common and Vulgar Errors. 
Page ^5. 

1. 31. Phrase common in Herrick; I quote from Pollard's 
edition : 

"You blame me, too, because I can't devise 
Some sport to please those babies in your eyes." 

V. 1, p. 17. 
"Be ye lock'd up like to these, 
Or the rich Hesperides, 
Or those babies in your eyes. 
In their crystal nunneries." V. 1, p. 151. 

"Clear are her eyes. 
Like purest skies. 
Discovering from thencei 
A baby there 
That turns each sphere. 

Like an intelligence." V. 1, p. 243. 

Mr. Pollard's note is as follows: "The phrase 'babies (i. e., 
dolls) in the eyes' is probably only a translation of its meta- 
phor, involved in the use of the Latin pupilla (a little girl), 
our pupil, for the central spot in the eye. The metaphor 
doubtless arose from the small reflections of the inlooker, which 
appear in the eyes of the person gazed at; but we meet with it 
both intensified, as in the phrase 'to look babies in the eyes* 
(equal to peer amorously), and with its origin disregarded, as 
in Herrick, where the 'babies' arei the pupils, and have an ex- 
istence independent of any inlooker." 

1. 48. Gauntlet, the masculine glove; muf, a soft covering 
for the hands in winter. J. citing this passage. Presumably 
then worn principally by women. 
1. 51. Achilles, to escape the siege of Troy at which he; was 
210 



fated to be killed, was sent disguised as a maiden to Lycome- 
des, king of the Dolopians. Ulysses discovered him by oifering 
for sale swords and needles, the future warrior choosing the 
first. The "sack of Troy" is proleptical, but vivid, as Achilles' 
choice determined the fate of that city. Phillis is the conven- 
tional name for any maiden; Lycomedes' daughter was called 
Deidameia. 
Page 96. 

1. 57. Oalliard, an active, nimble, sprightly dance, usually 
danced by two. For a full discussion of this see note on p. 
145, 98. 

1. 59. A heteroclite, a noun formed from two roots, whose 
declension consequently is of two forms; the application here is 
clever, but I do not see why the heart is excepted. Browne 
gives no clue as to a popular superstition on that score. 

1. 66. The Phillip and Mary shilling (1554-5) has the two 
heads in profile close together and facing each other; on the re- 
verse the arms of Spain quartered with those: of England. 

"Still amorous, and fond, and billing. 
Like Phillip and Mary on a shilling." 

Hudihras, Part III, C. 1, 686-8. 
Page 97. 

The Author to His Hermaphrodite (made after Mr. Ran- 
dolph's death, yet inserted into his poems), occurs in all the 
editions except the Cleaveland Revived. This then could not 
have been written before 1640, the date of the first edition of 
Randolph, in which it appears. __ ^ 

1. 4. Aums ace (a. O. F. ambes as, L. ambas as, both ace.) 
Both aces, double ace, the lowest possible throw at dice. M. 
(citing this passage.) 

1. 11. Plurality of livings was one of the charges brought by 
the Puritans against the .Established Church; the curate did 
the work and the holder of the living drew the salary, some- 
times not coming to his cure: for years. 

1. 12. Impropriation, a parsonage or ecclesiastical living 
coming by inheritance. B. The ecclesiastical image in 10 is 
carried through. 

1. 16. Donative, in Law a benefice merely given and collated 
by the patron to a man without either a presentation to the 
ordinary, or institution by the ordinary, or Induction by his 
orders. B. p, 39, 19. 

1. 19. The Theban wittal, Amphitryon, was the husband of 
211 



Armene who by Zeus was the mother of Hercules. Wittal, 
cuckold. 

1. 22. Hans-in-keldar, Jack-in-the-cellar, a common phrase 
at the time for an unborn child. And the modern Mercuries, 
but Hans-in-keldars, Char, of London Diurnal. 

"More pregnant than their Margaret, that laid down, 
Hans-in-keldar of a whole Hans-Town." 

Marvell's Character of Holland, 1.66. 
Page 98. 

1. 34. Compurgators^ a cleanser, cleaner or purger. B. 

1. 35. Og; this reference has entirely escaped me; it is used 
again p. 121, 1. 47, but there it may have been applied to some 
v.ell-known commissary of large size from the great stature of 
the King of Bashan. Dryden gives Shadwell the name of Og 
from his corpulency. 

"With all this bulk there's nothing lost in Og, 
For every inch, that is not fool, is rogue." 

Absalom and Achitopel, p. 11, 462-3. 

It is also to be noted that the poem of the Dialogue was pro- 
bably written in the autumn of 1640, and that then this is later. 
But what connection Og, either as commissary or King of 
Bashan, could have with Randolph is unknown to me. Ran- 
dolph, according to Aubry, was not a larfre man. 

1. 44. Gives his purse a sob; I do not know the meaning. As 
the same phrase occurs in the Comedy of Errors, Act IV., 3, 22. 
"The man sir, that when gentlemen are tired, gives them a sob 
and rests them," I infer that it is an idiom which has been lost 
and that the text is correct. Moreover the edition of 1677 
changes the long s, which might b3 confused with / to the capi- 
tal S. For the Shakespearian passage, the folio of 1632 in my 
possession reads sob, which is changed by Dyce to sop, by 
Rowe to fob, by White to stop, and by Rolfe to bob. The Cen- 
tury and Halliwell give fob, citing this passage as the only 
reading; the Cambridge Shakespeare reads sob. 

1. 51. Porphery Chair. "A Chair of Porphryry Marble in 
the; Cloister of St. John Lateran at Rome, called Sedes Ster- 
coraria; because when the Pope takes possession of his Episco- 
pal See in that Church, at the intoning of the Verse, Suscitans 
de terra inopem et de stercore erigens pauperem, Psal. 113, 
he was carried from a side Chappel to the high Altar, in that 
Chair; to signifie that God had raised him from a low condition 
to that supreme dignity. The usual tale of this Chair is a meer 
fiction." B. The usual tale gives the point to the allusion here, 

212 



namely, that the chair was arranged to test the mascuiinity of 
the Pope. For an elaborate and detailed discussion of the chair 
and of Pope Joan, see Pope Joan: A Dialogue between a Pro- 
testant and a Papist; manifestly proving, that a woman, called 
Joan, was Pope of Borne. . . .By Alexander Cooke, London, 
1625, Harl. IV., 63. 
Page 99. 

1. 52. Pope Joan (see preceding note), a curious myth of the 
Middle Ages. Anatasius, the Librarian, (886), first mentions 
her: "A. D. 854, Lotharii, 14, Joanna, a woman, succeeded Leo, 
and reigned two years, five months and four days. She is said 
to have been an English or German woman, of great learning, 
who followed her lover into a monastery in the disguise of a 
man. She went then to Greece and afterwards to Rome, where, 
on account of her great learning, she was elevated to the papal 
chair. But as she had been familiar with a cardinal, or a ser- 
vant, in full pontificals her accouchement took place on the 
highway." This story is purely fabulous. This account is con- 
densed from that given by S. Baring-Gould, M. A., in his Curi- 
ous Myths of the Middle Age, 1869. 

"And therein sate a Lady fresh and fayre. 
Making sweet solace to herself alone; 
Sometimes she song as lowd as larke in ayre. 
Sometimes she laught, as merry as Pope Jone." 

The Faerie Queene, Bk. 11, C. VI^ 3. 
"Virigo Minx, 
That was both Madam, and a Don, 
Like Nero's Sporus, or Pope Joan." 

Hudibras, Part II., C. 2, 654-7. 
1. 58. It is scarcely necessary to say that by my poetry he 
means only the preceding poem. At the date; of writing, Ran- 
dolph must have been dead at least five years, so the familiar 
Tom does not presuppose great intimacy. 
Page 100. 

The Verses Ok the Memory of Mr. Edward Kikg, Drowned 
IN THE Irish Seas, appeared first in the Cambridge collection 
of 1638. It occurs in two of the five editions in 1647, and in all 
subsequent editions except the Cleaveland Revived. 

Edward King is now known only from his acquaintance with 
more famous men. He was admitted to Christ's, June 6, 1626, 
aged fourteen. He was the' son of an influential English fam- 
ily in Ireland, and consequently when a fellowship became 
vacant. King was appointed as the successor, June 10th, 

213 



1G30, by the royal command. As we have already seen he con- 
tributed to a number of the State Verses issued by the Uni- 
versity, and seems to have been considered as a youth of prom- 
ise. His reputation is based entirely upon what he might have 
done, as he was drowned August 10th, 1637, on his way to Ire- 
land. The vessel, starting from Chester Bay, was rounding the 
coast of northern Wales and struck a rock before it reached 
the deep water of the main channel. It foundered almost im- 
mediately, and although it was a clear day, with calm water, 
very few seem to have escaped. His body was never recovered. 
The feeling in the University was very great and his friends 
hastened to prepare a volume of verse, a volume which is now 
worth its weight in gold, as it is the first edition of Milton's 
Lycidas. Of King's own verse it is scarcely fair to speak as it 
is all in Latin and commemorates state occasions; but such as 
it is, it is very hard to see the promise in it which inspired his 
contemporaries. 

1. 12. B. C, 480, Xerxes built a bridge across the; Hellespont 
for his invasion of Greece. The myth runs that the first bridge 
was destroyed, whereat the angry monarch ordered three hun- 
dred lashes to be given to the disobedient sea. 

1. 18. Imposthumed, swollen with corrupted matter; a meta- 
phor taken from medicine; see B. 
Page 101. 

1. 27. Stagirite, Aristotle, so called from his birth-place, 
Stagira. 

1. 46. Larousse in his account of the Vatican in the 
Dictionaire Unwerselle does not mention any burning of the 
Vatican; neither does Ferdinand Gregorovius index it in his 
eight volume history, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, nor in anj'^ 
encyclopedia have I found any mention of such a conflagration. 
Yet certainly such an eivent would surely be chronicled. There- 
fore I infer that, as the Vatican was famous in the seventeenth 
century as a repository of knowledge (see B. and Bailey) Cleve- 
land here uses the name as a synonym for library; perhaps he 
confused it with the burning of the Library at Alexandria. 

1. 51. Bundlets, literally little barrels. 

Page 102. 

Mark Axtont occurs in three of the five editions in 1647 
and in all subsequent editions, except the Cleaveland Revived. 

Page 103. 

1. 36. Ingeny, genius, wit; not in use. J. 
214 



Page 104. 

The Author's Mocx Sovg to Mark Aktoky occurs in two 
of the five editions of 1647 and in all subsequent editions ex- 
cept the Cleaveland Revived. 

1. 8. Of Su. Pom fret I can find no mention whatever; prob- 
ably a "worthy woman of the town" in Chaucer's phrase, but 
not in Chaucer's meaning. 

1. 9. Incubus. "A devil that sometimes in man's shape lies 
with women, as Succubus doth with men. Also a disease called 
the Nightmare, M^hen a man in his sleep supposeth that he hath 
a great weight lying on him, and feels himself almost strangled; 
in such sort that he cannot turn himself, nor sit up, nor call for 
help. The vulgar think it some spirit. . . . " B. 

"How shall I keep oif the nightmare, or defend myself against 
the temptations of an incubus." Hazlitt's edition of Randolph, 
V. 2, p. 465. 

"I will not urge thee, for I know, 
Though thou art young, thou canst say no. 
And no again, and so deny 
Those thy lust-burning incubi." 

The Parting Verse or Charge to his Supposed Wife when he 

Travelled, 1, 30-4 

1.15. Dun the horse is in the mire — a phrase denoting that 
things are at a standstill or deadlock, "A Dun horse, formerly 
a quasi proper name for any horse." M. 

"But Ralph, himself, your trusty Squire, 
Wh' has dragg'd your Dunship out o' th' Mire." 

Hudihras, Part III., C. 3, 109-10. 
Page 105. 

1. 25. "The third (error) affirmeth the roots of mandrakes 
do make: a noise, or give a shriek upon eradication; which is 
indeed ridiculous, and false below confute; arising perhaps 
from a small and stridulous noise, which, being firmly rooted, 
it maketh upon division of parts. A slender foundation for 
such a vast conception: for such a noise we sometime observe 
in other plants, in Parsnips, Liquorish, Eryngium, Flags, and 
others." Sir Thomas Browne, Common and Vulgar Errors, 
Bk. 11, Chapt. VI. 

1. 28. Epicene, common to both genders; the name of the 
Silent Woman is Epicoene. 
Page 106. 

How THE Commencement Grows New occurs in both editions 
215 



of 1651 and in all subsequent editions with the exception of 
the Cleav eland Revived, 

1. 1. Coranto, a letter or paper containing public news. M. 

1. 3. New England voyage: Under Laud's oppressive meas- 
ures, the Puritans were in despair. "But it was in this hour 
of despair that the Puritans won their noblest triumph. They 
'turned,' to use Canning's words, in a far truer and grander 
sense than that which he gave to them, 'they turned to the New 
World to redress the balance of the Old.' It was during the 
years which followed the close of the third Parliament of 
Charles that a great Puritan migration founded the States of 
New England." Green's History of the English People, V. 
III., p. 167. The third parliament of Charles was held early in 
1629; Cleveland took his B. A. in 1631, and so from this passage 
it may, I think, legitimately be inferred that his poem was 
written just before his graduation, or immediately after it, 
at least in the interval of those two years, when he was still a 
student at Christ's. It is thus an early example of his satire, 
and, consequently, perhaps, it is very obscure. 

I. 10. Stammel, red in color. 

I. 15. Gafer^ a term of contempt or ridicule. 

1. 16. The Easter-hook, the account book for recording the 
church dues. 
Page 107. 

1. 20. Toll-man Barnaby has eluded my search. 

1. 26. The Margaret Professorship was founded by Lady 
Margaret, Countess of Richmond, the mother of Henry the 
Seventh; and was held at this time by Dr. Samuel Ward, ap- 
pointed Margaret Professor of Divinity 1621. 

1. 29. The inceptor, the beginner, modern freshman{?), 

1. 30. Grogoram, stuff woven with a large woof and a rough 
pile. J. 

1. 33. "But thei greatest alteration was in their Chappels, 
most of them being graced with the accession of Organs." Ful- 
ler's History of the University of Cambridge, p. 167. 

1. 34. Sellenger's round, a contraction from St. Leger's 
round, a favorite old country dance. Halliwell, "Whiles thus 
they tipled, the fidler he fidled, and the pots danced for joy 
the old hop about, commonly called Sellengar's Round." Bac- 
chus' Bountic, 1593, Harl. 11, 301. 

1. 39. Play-book oaths, compare those of Captain Bobadill 
in Every Man in His Humour. 

216 



Page 109. 

Square Cap occurs in two of the five editions in 1647 and in 
all subsequent editions except the Cleaveland Revived. This 
same idea is in the Ballad of the Caps^ Wit and Mirth, or Pills 
to Purge Melancholy , V. IV., p. 157. 
"For any Cap, whate'er it be, 
Is still the sign of some degree." 
I. 2. Hippocrene, ittttov Kp-rivr], a fountain on Mt. Helicon. 
"O for a breaker full of the warm South, 
Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene." 

Ode to a Nightingale. 
1. 8. Square-cap, the collegian. The cap was square like the 
modern one. 

1. 9. Monmouth-cap, the soldier. 

"The soldiers that the Monmouth wear, 
On Castle tops their ensigns rear." 

Ballad to the Caps. 
"The best caps were formerly made at Monmouth, where the 
Cappers Chapel doth still remain." Fuller's Worthies, IV., 50. 
For this reason they were probably adopted for the army. 

1. 13. Pottle, a measure of two quarts, Halliwell; here again 
not used literally. 

1. 15. La-bee, a contraction of let be; i. e., desist, let me 
alone. Nichol's note in his Select Poems, V. VII. 

1. 17. Calot Leather-cap, the sergeant at law. The calot was 
the small cap or coif worn over the wig by this class. This 
verse is scarcely successful as he satirizes, not the inherent 
characteristics, but the mere external one. 
Page 110. 

1. 22. Sir Thomas his leas. I have been unable to identify 
Sir Thomas, but presume that he was some well-known charac- 
ter on whose meadows the Cambridge youth played foot-ball. 

1. 26. Long wasted. Is our author here guilty of a pun, in- 
sinuating that the Puritan had a physical defect in addition to 
a moral one? 

1. 33. Satin-cap, the clergy. 

"The satin and the velvet hive 
Into a bishopric may thrive." 

Ballad of the Caps. 
1. 41. The lawyer. 

"The: lawyer's cap hath heavenly might 
To make a crooked action straight." 

Ballad of the Caps. 
217 



Page 111. 

1. 16. Livery and seU-'ui, delivery and possession; a legal term 
which here scarcely needs explanation. 

"She gladly did of that some babe accept, 
As if her own by livery and seisure." 

Faerie Queene, Bk. VI., C. 4, 37. 

1. 47. John-a-Nokes, see note to p. 143, 1. 44. 

1. 48. Impropriation, see note to p. 97, 1. 12. 
Page 112. 

Upon Prixcess Elizabeth, born the Night before New 
Year's Day, occurs only in the editions of 1677, 1687, and 1699. 
It was one of the two poems added by Bishop Lake, The Gen- 
eral Eclipse being the other. 

Princess Elizabeth was born Dec. 28, 1638. 
Page 119. 

A Dialogue Betw^een Two Zealots Upon the &c. in the 
Oath, occurs in all editions except the Cleaveland Revived, and 
in the Rump Songs. 

1. 1. Frieze, showing his humble origin. 

1. 2. The children's threes. 

"That there may be a distinction made between clerks of 
the children's threes, and stagers of the long twelves, men of 
the tribe of Anack in their profession, and tipplers of the 
stock of Benjamin, whose goose-quill fancies were never ele- 
vated beyond the Parnassus of a green nogging in their mas- 
ter's absence: it is therefore proposed, that such niffiing fellows 
be distinguished by the childish wear of yellow ribbands, from 
the marshal seniors with their fiery faces." The Proposals of 
the Committee for Regulating the Lnui^ both in Sense, Form, 
and Practice Communicated to Publick View, by Especial Or~ 
der and Command. N. D., Harl. VI., 528. 

L 7. Shotten, literally like a fish that has discharged its 
spawn; he was so thin that his soul was in cuerpo (without a 
cloak, B.) just as his body actually was. 

1. 12. Const er, old form of construe. 

1. 20. The Puritans claimed that the Bible was sufficient 
authority and that ecclesiastical tradition should be disregarded. 
Page 120. 

1. 30. Sconce, head. 

1. 34. In the list of prodigies which happened this eventful 
year there is no mention of the bloody oysters. 

1. 35. John Booker, an astrologer, born in Manchester, who 
attained great fame by predicting the deaths of both Gustavus 

218 



Adolphus and the Elector Palatine. I quote from Lilly's Ili- 
iory of His Life and Times, Lond., 1715: 

"In the years 1633 and 1633 John Booker became famous for 
a prediction of his upon a solar eclipse in the 19th degree of 
Aries, 1663, taken out of Leovitius De Magnis Cunjunctioni- 
bus, viz.: 'Oh, Reges et Principes,' etc. Both the king of 
Bohemia and Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, dying dur- 
ing the effects of that eclipse. John Booker was born in Man- 
chester, of good parentage, in the year 1601. . . . He was 
an excellent proficient in astrology, whose excellent verses upon 
the twelve months, framed according to the configurations of 
each month, being blessed with success according to his pre- 
dictions, procured him much reputation all over .England; he 
was a very honest man, abhorred any deceit in the art he 
studied; had a curious fancy in the judging of thefts, and as 
successful in the judging of love questions; he was no mean 
proficient in astronomy; he understood much of physics; was a 
great admirer of the antimonial cup; not unlearned in chemis- 
try, which he loved well but did not practice. He was inclined 
to diabetes, and in the last three years of his life was afflicted 
with a dysentery, which at last consumed him to nothing; he 
died of good fame in 1667." P. 33. 

"With Almanacks 
Engrav'd upon't, with other knacks. 
Of Booker's, Lilly's, Sarah Jimmers." 

Hudibras, Part II., C. 1091-3. 
Page 120. 

1. 40. Father Garnet is Henry Garnet, superior of the order 
of Jesuits in England, who was tried for complicity in the 
Gunpowder Treason, on the 28th of March, 1606. "This trial, 
at which King James was present incognito, doubtless attracted 
very general notice; and the allusion to his gross equivocation 
and perjury thus recent, and probably the common topic of 
discourse, must have been instantly understood and loudly ap- 
plauded." Malone's note on the "porter scene" in Macbeth. 
Page 121. 

1. 47. Og, see note p. 98, 1. 35. 

1. 48. Skew-bald, pie-bald; still used in this sense in Che- 
shire, Nares, citing this passage. 

1. 52. Wee-bit, wea-bit or way-bit, is a word used in the 
North of .England, where if you ask how far 'tis to such a 
place, they answer a mile and a Way-bit, by which is under- 

219 



stood a mile and a vantage, or a mile and better. I fmd il 
written Wea-bit in Mr. Cleveland's Poems, but I should rather 
think it Way-bit; quasi, a bit or part of a way. B. 

I. 53. God's dig(jers, finger-nails, Barriere and Leland; one 
of the fantastic oaths of the time. 

1. 58. Cataline, the same use of the particular for the gen- 
eral term, as in the case of Vatican; Cataline here signifies, 
not the Roman traitor, but general destruction. 
Page 123. 

Smectymkuus, or the Club-Divines occurs in all the edi- 
tions except the Cleaveland Revived, and in the Rump-Songs. 

1. 3. Skilt, signifies, C. Johnson cites this passage with the 
remark, "A word used by Cleveland of which I know neither 
the etymology nor the meaning." It is used also by Herrick 
in his poem. To the Passenger, 

"One word more I had to say: 
But it skills not; go your way." 

Pollard's edition^ 823. 

1. 4. Ap, the Welsh prefix meaning son of, like the Scotch 
Mac. Johnson, reading ape, naturally failed to grasp the 
sense of 'the passage! "It would tire a Welshman how many 
aps 'tis removed from an annal." The Char, of a London 
Diurnal. 

1. 19. Don Quixote had been translated into English as early 
as 1612-20, so this passage does not mean a knowledge of 
Spanish on the part of Cleveland. 

1. 20. Murnival, four cards of a suit. J. Here again the 
word is extended in use as there were five authors. 
Page 124. 

1. 25. I have not succeeded in finding any other reference 
to the Italian monster. 

1. 29. Siurbridge Fair, held near Cambridge; in Cooper we 
find a number of allusions to it; during the plague years it was 
forced to be closed, etc. 

1. 34. Gavelkind, where the property is divided equally 
among the children in contradiction to the right of primogeni- 
ture. "Granting that we had none, all that is worth having in 
them is the common property of the soul — an estate in gravel- 
kind for all the sons of Adam — ." Lowell's Condescension in 
Foreigners. 
Page 125. 

1. 55. Prentices' Petition; "in the end, a petition was pub- 
220 



lished, in the name 'of the apprentices and those whose appren- 
ticeships were lately expired,' in and about the city of London. 
. . . showing that they found by experience, both their own 
and their masters' tradings, the beginning of great mischiefs 
coming upon them, to nip them in the bud, when they were 
first entering into the world; the cause of which they could 
attribute to no others but the papists, and the prelates, and 
that malignant party which adhered to them: that they stood 
solemnly engaged with the utmost of their lives and fortunes 
to defend his sacred majesty and royal issue together with the 
rights and liberties of parliaments against papists and popish 
innovations; such as archbishops, bishops and their dependents 
appear to be. . . . This and such stuff being printed and 
scattered amongst the people; multitudes of mean people 
flocked to Westminster-hall, and about the lords' house crying, 
as they went up and down, 'No bishops, no bishops' that so 
they might carry the reformation." Clarendon V. I., p, 481-2. 

1. 52. Smec, this contemptuous abbreviation was adopted by 
Butler. 

"Canonical Crabat of Smeck." Hudihras, P. 1, C. 3, 1166. 

"All that to Legion Smec adhered." Hudihras, P. 11, C. 2, 
524. 

1. 57. I know no more of Robson and French than is here 
given. 

1. 63. Caligula, see Suetonius, Life of Caligula. 
Page 126. 

1. 73-78. Grey's comment on this passage is as follows: 
"Nay, he (Cleveland), joins it with the cant word Smectymnuus, 
(the Club Divines) and says, 'The banes of marriage were 
asked between them — that the Convocation and the Commons 
were to be the guests; and that the priest, Mosley, or Santa 
Clara, were to tie the foxes' tails together. Could anything 
be said more severe and satyrical?" The allusion of the foxes' 
tails is to Judges 15, 4-7. 

1. 84. Conclave, the Romish assembly of cardinals; con- 
venticle, the assembly of Puritans. 

1. 90. Bilked, cheated. 

"Bilked stationers for yeomen stood prepared." 

Dryden's MacFlecknoe, 104. 

1. 95. The Queen Mother, Henrietta Maria was the daughter 
of the French king and consequently a Catholic. The fear of 
her i'^fluence over the easy mind of her husband was constant- 
ly present to the Puritans. 

221 



Page 127. 

Upon the King's Return from Scotland occurs only in the 
1677, '87, and '99 editions and in the Cleaveland Revived. 
Page 128. 

1. 20. Commendam, trust; it is an ecclesiastical metaphor, 
meaning the intrusting of a benefice, left vacant, to an as- 
sistant. 

1. 23. Cacus, an Italian shepherd, robbed Hercules of his 
cattle and concealed their tracks by dragging them into the 
cave by their tails. 
Page 130. 

RuPERTiSMUs is included in all editions except the Cleave- 
land Revived, and in the 1687 and 1699 it was published twice. 

1. 5. Cacus, see note p. 128, 1. 23. 

1. 9. Huntington colt, — these allusions to forgotten events 
are hard to identify and harder to understand. The only al- 
lusion to this which I have found is: "Yesterday the colt, for- 
merly drowned at Huntington and taken up at the great charge 
and pains of the mayor and recorder, was voted a sturgeon, 
nemine contradicente: and, it was ordered, that Serjeant Ber- 
nard have the next sturgeon to his own use; any grant or pre- 
scription to others, notwithstanding." The Acts and Monuments 
of our Late Parliament; or, a Collection of the Acts, Orders, 
Votes, and Resolves, that have passed in the House. By: 
Samuel Butler, Author of Hudibras. London: Printed ac- 
cording to order, 1659; and reprinted this year, 1710. Harl., 
V. 422. 

1. 11. Henry Elsyng was born in Surrey and became a com- 
moner at Christ's Church, Oxford, 1622. After traveling seven 
years he won the favor of Laud, who succeeded in making 
him Clerk of the Commons in the Long Parliament. In this 
place "his fair and temperate carriage made him commended 
and esteemed by all parties how furious and opposite soever 
they were among themselves." Wood's Athenae, V. I., 177. 
He resigned at the death of the King, and died of "many in- 
firmities of body occasioned by sedentariness, some distresses 
of his family, and by a deep melancholy for the sufferings and 
loss of his Sovereign" in 1654. He was certainly of the moderate 
party, which accounts for the attitude of Cleveland, who saw 
more clearly the future course of events. 

1. 18. It was the custom to ring the bells backward to give 
the alarm for fire, etc. The same metaphor is used p. 146, 5. 

223 



Here there is no alarm but merely descriptive of the inversion 
of natural order. 
Page 131. 

1. 20. This is the constant charge: against the Puritans, that 
while apparently they were above a lie, in reality truth was 
not in them because they could reconcile it with their con- 
science by a verbal quibble, or equivocation. Compare the 
conversation between Hudibras and Ralpho, much too long to 
quote, in which the Knight argues that he is not bound by the 
promise which he made to the widow. Hudibras, Part II., C. 2, . 
55 and ff. See also the Cutter of Coleman Street. 

1. 22. "A conceit there is, that the Devil commonly appear- 
eth with a cloven hoof: wherein although it seem excessively 
ridiculous, there may be somewhat of truth; and the ground 
thereof at first might be his frequent appearing in the shape 
of a goat, which answers that description," etc. Common and 
Vulgar Errors, Bk. V., 222. 

1. 31. Bilbo blade, from Bilboa, a City of Biscay, in Spain, 
where the best blades are made. B. 

1. 35. The siege of Carthage in B. C. 146. 

1. 39. "Now, therefore, he that would destroy the report of 
Powder must work upon the Petre; he that would exchange the 
colour must think how to alter the Small-coal. For the one, that 
is, to make white Powder, it is surely many ways feasible: The* 
best I know is by the powder of rotten Willows. ... As 
for the other, that is to destroy the report, it is reasonably at- 
tempted but two ways, either by quite leaving out, or else by 
silencing the Salt-Petre, . . . That it may thus be made 
without Salt-Petre, I have met with but one example, that is, of 
Alphonsus Duke of Ferrara. . . . For this much is report- 
ed of that famous Powder of Alphonsus, which was not of 
force enough to kill a chicken." Common and Vulgar Errors. 
B. II., p. 67. 

I. 42. Wharton, Philip, fourth Lord, was twenty-nine years 
old at th6 assembling of the Long Parliament and had had 
Puritan convictions ever since he had had any. He was one 
of the Parliament's generals. 

1. 45. Essex, Robert Devereux, third Earl, one of the most 
prominent figures on the Parliamentary side. Clarendon 
speaks of him in 1639, as being "the most popular man of the 
kingdom, and the darling of the swordmen." Then he infers 
that Essex was persuaded to join the Parliament through his 



love of flattery and from the fact that he had been slighted 
by the king. This was the cavalier statement. Masson, V. II., 
p. 153-4, epitomizes his life to the opening of the Long Par- 
liament as follows: "Already known to us as Lieut.-General 
of the King's forces in the first Scottish war, this nobleman, 
now aetat. 48, could look back upon a life calculated to make 
any man grave and reserved. Restored, in his childhood, by 
James to the honours of his beheaded father, Elizabeth's cele- 
brated Essex, he had been educated at Eton and Oxford, had 
been a companion of the popular Prince Henry 'in his books 
and the great-horse exercise,' and had travelled abroad. Re- 
turning ill his early youth to marry, according to arrange- 
ment, the young Frances Howard, daughter of the Earl of 
Suffolk, he had experienced a fate which made him the pity 
of England. There was the loathing of his bride, the lover 
of the King's Scottish favorite. Viscount Rochester, after- 
ward Earl of Somerset; there was the horrible notoriety of the 
proceedings for a divorce, and there was the divorce itself in 
1613. 'Perceiving how little he was beholding to Venus,' he had 
gone abroad to 'address himself to the Court of Mars'; and he 
was serving in the Lov/ Countries when England was again 
ringing with the name of his divorced wife, then on her trial, 
together with her new husband, Somerset, for Sir Thomas 
Overbury's murder. He remained abroad for the most part 
while the condemned couple were in prison; from which James 
released them in 1624. It was while he was serving in the 
Palatine war that he became imbued with those Calvinistic 
principles which he professed for the rest of his life. After 
his return he had ventured on a second marriage (1630-1) with 
the daughter of a Wiltshire knight. This marriage, however, 
was speedily followed by a separation on the same ground 
that had been pleaded by the first wife. . . . Despite the 
nature of his misfortunes, no man was more popular or more 
respected. He was somewhat 'stern and solemn' in appear- 
ance, but 'affable! and gentle' enough; with no gift of elo- 
quence but of superior abilities." 

The plea for the divorce in both cases was on the ground 
of impotency, which is the explanation of the taunt in our 
text. In the Character of a London Diurnal Cleveland insinu- 
ates that Essex is but a figure head of a commander. These 
attacks arose from the fact that Essex was appointed com- 
mander-in-chief of the Parliamentary army. 

224 



Page 132. 

1. 49. Green-sickness, see p. 79, 1. 26. 

1. 56. Super fetation, a conception upon conception. 

1. 68. 'Ihe Swede is Gustavus Adolphus. 
Page 133. 

1. 74. The Public Faith; the Parliament forcibly borrowed 
money "on the Public Faith," the payment of which, so the 
Cavaliers asserted, was as distant as doomsday. Fletcher has 
a whole poem devoted to satirizing it, as: 

"In brief 'tis called religion's ease or loss. 
For no one's suffered here to beare his cross." 

Ex Otio Negotium, p. 131. 
Butler attacks it: 

- "What was the Public Faith found out for. 
But to slur men of what they fought for? 
The Public Faith, which ev'ry one 
Is bound t' observe, yet kept by none; 
And if that go for nothing, why 
Should Private Faith have such a Tye?'* 

Hudibras, P. II., C. 2, 191-196. 

1. 75. Pandora was created by Hephaestus at the command 
of Zeus and was endowed with beauty, wit, etc. As Rupert 
has all these, he is Pandora's brother. 

1. 79. Isaac and his citz; "Their Trusty Lord Mayor of Lon- 
don, Isaac Pennington, who was again chosen to serve another 
year, so bestirred himself . . . that there was no more im- 
portunity or interposition from the City of Peace; but, in- 
stead thereof, an Overture and Declaration from divers, under 
the style of well affected persons, 'That they would advance 
a considerable number of soldiers, for the supply and recruit 
of the Parliament forces; and would Arm, Maintain, and Pay 
them for several Months, or during the times of danger, and 
distractions; provided that they might have the Public Faith 
of the Kingdom for payment of all such Sums of Money, which 
they should so advance by way of Loan." Clarendon, 1731, p. 
262. Pennington and others also were empowered to levy 
contributions throughout the city. 

"Then you'll confess your selves to 've been undone 
By Public Faith's man, Isaack Pennington." 

Rump Songs, Pt. L, p. 100. 

225 



"Farewell little Isaack, with hey, with hey, 
Farewell little Isaack, with hoe, 

Thou hast made us all, like Asses, 
Part with our Plate, and drink in Glasses, 
Whilst thou growst rich with 2s. Passes, 
With hey, trolly, lolly, loe." 

Rump Songs, Pt. I., p. Gi. 
Page 134. 

1. 95. The diurnal was the precursor of our daily paper, 
and it was used in the interest of the Parliament. Cleveland 
has devoted two prose satires to it and its makers, from which 
I have already quoted in the introduction. It had an aggra- 
vating way of claiming victories which were defeats, and some- 
times of celebrating battles which were never fought. 
"Diurnals writ for regulation 
Of lying to inform the Nation." 

Hudibras, P. II., C. 1, 57-8. 
1. 106. This line suggests Carew's most infelicitous com- 
parison: 

"Else the soul grew so fast within 
It broke the outward shell of sin. 
And so was hatch'd a Cherubin." 
The inscription on the tomb of Lady Mary Wentworth, p. 53, 
Carew's Poems, ed. Ebsworth. 

1. 109. Mount Athos, a mountain on the end of a peninsula 
in Macedonia. This scheme is thus mentioned in Real — En- 
cyclopadie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft; "Nur als 
Curiosum mag endlich das angebliche Project angefuhrt sein, 
den Berg in eine Statue Alexanders d. Gr, umzugestalten, eine 
Nachricht, deren anekdotenhafter Charakter shon aus dem 
Swanken iiber den Urheber des wunderlichen Planes erhellt." 
"They try like statuaries, if they can 
Carve out each other's Athos, to a man." 

Marwell's Character of Holland. 
Page 135. 

1. 116. Falstafs buckram men, Act II., Sc. IV., King 
Henry IV., First Part. 

1. 123-4. Sir Thomas Lunsford, "a man, though of ancient 
family in Sussex, was of a very small and decayed fortune, 
and of no good education; having been few years before com- 
pelled to fly the kingdom, to avoid the hand of justice for 
some riotous misdemeanour, by reason whereof he spent some 

226 



time in the service of the King of France, where he got the 
reputation of a man of courage, and a good officer of foot, 
and in the beginning of the troubles here had some command 
in the king's army, but so much inferior to many others, and 
was so little known, except upon the disadvantage of an ill 
character that in the most dutiful time the promotion (to the 
Lieutenancy of the Tower) would have appeared very un- 
grateful." Clarendon, p. 511. It was part of the Puritan plan 
to raise frightful rumors against unpopular characters, and 
the unfortunate Lunsford was thus labeled as a cannibal. 
Butler says, 

"Made children, with your tones to run for 't, 
As bad a Bloody-Bones, or Lunsford." 

Hudihras, Part III., C. 2. 

I. 126. Pym, John; the character of Pym, the great leader, 
"King Pym" is so well known that no note is necessary. See 
Clarendon, Masson, and Gardiner. 

1. 133. The allusion to the Countess has escaped me, unless 
it be another attack upon Essex. Amsterdam had opened her 
door to all religions. 

"Hence Amsterdam Turk-Christian-Pagan-Jew, 
Staple of sects, and mint of schism grew." 

Marvell's Character of Holland, 71-2. 

1. 138. It was the common accusation that Pym invented 
plots to discover them. Clarendon, pp. 369-72, says: "It being 
always their custom when they found the heat and distemper 
of the house in any degree allayed by some gracious act or 
gracious profession of the king, to warm and inflame them 
again with a discovery or a promise of a discovery of some 
notable plot and conspiracy against themselves, 'to dissolve 
the Parliament by the papists,' or some other way, in which 
they would be sure that somewhat always should reflect upon 
the court . . . which upon examination always vanished; 
but for the time . . . served to transport common minds 
with fears and apprehensions, and so induced them to comply 
in sense with those who were like soonest to find remedies for 
those diseases which none but themselves could discover." 
These lines may apply particularly to the Army Plot, as in 
speaking of it Clarendon remarks: "This was no sooner known 
than it gave credit and reputation to Mr. Pym's vigilance and 
activity." 
Page 136. 

1. 144. Sir Arthur. Sir Arthur Hazelrig, who seems, from 



Clarendon's account, to have been the tool of more powcn\.l 
minds. 

1. 153. Glyn. John Glyn, a prominent lawyer in the Long 
Parliament and one of Strafford's accusers on the part of the 
Comn:o:.s; subsequently he was a member of the Westminster 
Assembly, a supporter of Cromwell and lived to the Restora- 
tion. 

Maynard. Sir John Maynard, a member of the Long Parlia- 
ment, of the Westminster Assembly, and also an accuser of 
Strafford. 

''Did not the learned Glynne and Maynard 
To prove true subjects traytors straine hard?" 
An unpublished couplet of Hudibras quoted by Aubry, V. I., 

p. J 37. 

With regard to the whole passage, compare Butler's trial by 
proxy, Hudibras, P. IL, C. 2, 413-436. 

1. 157. There is a celebrated fresco on this subject by Mas- 
saccio in the chapel of the Brancacci in Santa Croce, Florence. 
Page 137. 

1. 161. See note p. 64, 78. 

1. 170. Phylacteries were also scrolls or frontlets of parch- 
ment, having the commandments of God written in them, which 
the Pharisees wore about their heads and arms. B. Matthew, 
23-5. 

1. 180. Edward Montagu, second Earl of Manchester, Vis- 
count Mandeville and also Lord Kinbolton, in the Long Par- 
liament, and the Westminster Assembly, prominent as a Puri- 
tan and as such quarrelled with Cromwell. Lived until the 
Restoration. Clarendon says of him: "The Lord Mandeville, 
eldest son to the lord privy-seal, was a person of great civility 
and very well bred ... he married the daughter of the 
Earl of Warwick; a man in no grace at court, and looked 
upon as the greatest patron of the Puritans. . . . From 
tliis later marriage the Lord Mandeville totally estranged him- 
self from the court . . . that lord, to support and the bet- 
ter to improve that popularity, living at a much higher rate 
than the narrow exhibition allowed to him by his wary father 
could justify, making up the rest by contracting a great debt, 
which long lay heavy upon him; by which generous way of 
living, and by his natural civility, good manners and good na- 
ture, which flowed toward all men, he was universally accepted 
and beloved and no man more in the confidence of the discon- 
tented and factious party than he, and to whom the whole mass 



of their designs as well what remained in chaos as what was 
formed, was more entirely communicated and more consulted 
with." Bk. III., 287. 
Page 139. 

Upok Sill Thomas Martin occurs in both editions of 1651 
and in all subsequent editions except the Cleaveland Revived. 

1. 1. Pence apiece, a proverbial expression common in Eng- 
land; see the discussion in Second Series of Notes and Queries. 

I. 3. Tympany, a disease wherein the body waxing leaue, 
the belly swels up, having great store of winde and windy 
humours gathered together between its inner skin and the guts, 
which being smitten with the hand makes a noise like a Tabor. 
B. In this case I think it is used as an adjective, practically 
synonymous with the swelling in the line before. "A tympany 
of swelling factions" is Racket's phrase in his Life of Arch- 
bisfiop Williams, Part II., p. 71. 

1. 4. The lecturer's tvrought cap shows him to have been a 
Puritan, as in the poem of Square Cap. 

1. 6. Tredescant. "John Tredescant was a Dutchman, born 
toward the close of the sixteenth century. He was appointed 
gardener to Charles II. (a misprint for Charles I.) in 1C39, 
and he and his son naturalized many rare plants in England. 
Besides botanical specimens he collected all sorts of curiosi- 
ties, and opened a museum which he called 'Tredescant's Ark.' 
In 1656, four years after his death, his son published a cata- 
logue of the collection under the title. Museum Tradescanti- 
anum; or a collection of rarities preserved at South Lambolh, 
near London, by John Tredescant. After the son's death the 
collection passed into the hands of Ashmole, and became the 
nucleus of the present Ashmolean Museum at Oxford." Pol- 
lard's note in his Herrick, on the line, 

"Then, next, to match Tradescant's curious shells." 

Epig., 670. 

I. 7. Gog and Magog. Gog by interpretation of the Hebrew 
word is tectus, covered; and Magog is uncovered. In Scrip- 
ture are understood certain nations, (some Expositors take them 
to be the Aquilone, Scythians, Iberians, and Muscovites), or 
Princes that with their Nations shall more fiercely than others 
concur with Antichrist in persecuting the Church of Christ. B. 
The phrase first appears in the 38th and 39th chapters of 
Ezekiel, where Gog is evidently the wicked ruler of the land 
of Magog; Rev. 20, 8, joins the two in equality: "Satan shall 
be loosed out of his prison and shall go out to deceive the 



nations which are in the four quarters of the earth, Gog and 
Magog, to gather them together to battle; the number of whom 
is as the sand of the sea." Gog and Magog are the names of 
the colossal figures in the Guildhall, the originals of which were 
carried in the Lord Mayor's Procession; they were popularly 
supposed to be opposing champions, so here we find the anti- 
thesis of our line. Thus there is the double signification in 
Cleveland's use. 

1. 11. Issachar. "Issachar is a strong ass couching down be- 
tween two burdens." Genesis, 49, 14. 

"Is it possible that you, whose ears 
Are of the Tribe of Issachar's." 

Hudibras, .Epistle to Sidrophel, 9-10. 

1. 14. Valentine and Orson. A romance of the Charlemagne 
cycle written during the reign of Charles VIIL, and first 
pnnted at Lyons, 1495. C. An interlude of this name was 
given, 1595, a play in 1598, and one in 1600; so it was popular. 
Of the two brothers, Valentine was polished from his court 
life, and his twin Orson was gauche from his forest training. 

1. 16. Voider; great broad dishes to carry away the remain- 
ders from a meat table; also a term in Heraldry. B. 

1. 18. Windsor's Hospital. I do not know the allusion. 
Page 140. 

1. 22. Smec, see poem p. 123; this dates the poem as cer- 
tainly written after May, 1640. 

1. 25. Metal on metal; the two heraldic metals were gold and 
silver. As I have not been able to find Godfrey of Bouillon's 
coat of arms, I can give no opinion as to the truth of these 
statements; however, in any case, the sense is perfectly clear. 

1. 29. Priscian^ a celebrated grammarian of the sixth cen- 
tury; thus used proverbially for bad grammar. 

"And hold no sin so deeply red. 
As that of breaking Priscian's head." 

Hudibras, Part II., C. 2, 223. 

1. 29-30. Caesar. By forming the first Triumvirate, Julius 
Caesar was elected Consul, B. C, 60. The aristocracy succeeded 
in joining with him in the office M. Bibulus. Caesar, however, 
was so strong that he rendered Bibulus a mere cipher, and 
after carrying an agrarian law for the division of the Campa- 
nian lands, Bibulus shut himself up in his own house and did 
not appear again in public until after the expiration of his 

230 



lerm. Consequently this consulship is known as the Consulship 
of Julius and Caesar. 
Page 142. 

The Mixed Assembly occurs in all editions except the 
Cleaveland Revived and in the Rump Songs. It was also bit- 
terly satirized by Birkenhead in prose. 

1. 9. Ana, a barbarous word used by Physicians and signi- 
fies of every one a little quantity. B. 

I. 4. Woolpack, anything bulky without weight. J. (citing 
this passage.) 

1. 13. Jacob's fock, Genesis, 30, 37. 

1. 15. Impropriator, see note to p. 97, 13. 

1. 19. Royston crows, ". . . is fabled of two crows, hop- 
ping on the seashore, where shell fish were, which they liked 
but knew not how to open them till the Royston crow (which 
was cunning as E — ), advised the plain country crow (which 
I shall compare to S — ,) to fly up very high with the shellfish 
in his bill and let it fall on the rocks, and it would open, 
which the country crow did; but no sooner lets she the fish 
fall than it opened, but the Royston crow picked the fish out 
of the shell before the country crow got down." Oldys' CatO' 
logue of Pamphlets in the Harleian Library, p. 445. 
Page 143. 

1. 29. Isaac, see note p. 133, 79. 

1. 30. Judge of damnation and election. 

1. 41. The flea that Falstaf damned. . . . "Boy . . . 
Do you not remember, 'a saw a flea stick upon Bardolph's nose 
and 'a said it was a black soul burning in hell?" King Henry, 
v.. Act II., sc. 3. 

1. 44. John-a-stiles and John-a-nokes, like Richard Roe and 
John Doe, imaginary characters used by young lawyers in their 
cases. Spectator, 577, contains a petition supposedly from these 
two gentlemen, praying that they may at last be allowed to 
rest. 

"A law that most unjustly yokes 
All Johns of Stiles, to Joans of Nokes." 

Hudibras, Part III., C. 1, 615-6. 

"From Stile's Pocket, into Noakes's." 

Hudibras, Part III., C. 3, 715. 

1. 46. Neck-verse, the benefit of the clergy. A verse in 
some Latin book in the Gothic black letter (usually Psalm 1 ii.) 
was formerly held before the criminal who claimed the benefit 

2Ci 



of the clergy in order to test his'^ability to read; thus he saved 
his neck by the verse; also Jews could scarcely claim the bene- 
fit of the clergy and so would be distinguished from the Chris- 
tians. 

"And if they cannot read one verse 
1' th' Psalms." 

Hiidibras, Part III., C. 1, 55-6. 
1. 52. Linseywoolsey, vile, mean. J. 

"A lawless Linsie-Woolsie Brother, 
Half of one order, half of another." 

Hudihras, Part I., C. 3, 1227-8. 
Page 144. 

1. 53. Pembroke, Philip Herbert, first Earl of Montgomery 
and, in 1630, fourth Earl of Pembroke, was one of the favorites 
of James from his beauty. He was a commander of a regiment 
in the first Bishops' War, and in the upper house of the Long 
Parliament. He declared for the Parliament and was a lay 
member of the Westminster Assembly. He died in January, 
1650. "He had been bred from his cradle in the court, and had 
that perfection of a courtier that as he was not wary enough 
in offending men, so he was forwarded in acknowledging it, 
even to his inferiors, and to impute it to his passion and ask 
pardon for it, which made him be thought a very well-natured 
man. . . . There were very few great persons in authority 
who were not frequently offended by him, by sharp and scanda- 
lous discourses and invectives against them behind their backs 
for which they found it best to receive satisfaction by submis- 
sions and professions and protestations. ..." Clarendon, 
Bk. VII., 1325. 

As his temper was so high that the Parliament sent him to 
the Tower for using his white staff as a cudgel, there is little 
doubt but that his swearing was not affected by them. 
Page 145. 

1. 79. Sadness, of course, in the older meaning of gravity, 
sobriety. 

1. 88. GoUiard, there are two distinct meanings to this word: 
(a) a lively dance of two or more: 

"The Irish will a voyage take. 
To join their force in one; 
And whilst they frisk a galliard make 
The Houses sing, 'O'Hone.' " 

History of the English Rebellion, London. 1661. 
232 



(b) a gay fellow, a man of fashion. J. and C. citing this pas- 
sage alone as the example, and M. citing this and others. It is 
with hesitation that I venture to disagree with the eminent 
authority of the N. E. D., but in this case it is clearly the first 
and not the second meaning. The point of the passage is that 
Selden does not dance with any one because he is so learned 
that he is worth a number of lesser lights. "There's more di- 
vines in him than in all this. ..." Galliard is then used 
in the same sense as on p. 96, 57. 
Page 146. 

The Rebel Scot is the only poem which appears in all edi- 
tions. 

1. 5. Bells ringing backward, see note to p. 130, 18. 

1. 12. Pigwigeon is used by Drayton as the name of a fairy 
and is a kind of cant word for anything pretty or small. J. 
(citing this passage.) 
Page 147. 

1. 21. Stephen Marshall, Vicar (?) of Finchingfield, in Es- 
sex; known as one of the best Puritans of his day, and as one 
of the "Smectymnuans" ; and by many thought to be the best 
preacher in England. He lived, greatly respected till Novem- 
ber, 1655, when he was buried in Westminster Abbey; whence, 
however, after the Restoration, his body was removed by royal 
warrant. Masson, V. II., 520. 

Clarendon, Bk. IV,, 1087-8, says: "There was more than Mr. 
Marshall, from the 23d verse of the 5th chapter of Judges, 
'Curse ye Meroz, said the angel of the Lord; curse ye bitterly 
the inhabitants thereof, because they came not to the help of 
the Lord, to the help of the Lord against the mighty'; pre- 
sumed to inveigh and in plain terms to denounce God's own 
curse against all those who came not, with their utmost power 
and strength, to destroy and root out all the malignants, who 
in any degree opposed the Parliament." Butler coins the 
phrase, "Marshal-Legion's Regiment." He was popularly 
known as the "Geneva Bull" from his Calvinistic doctrines and 
his strong voice. 

1. 44. Collegiates, the meaning is evidently collections, but I 
cannot find the word in this sense anywhere else. The pas- 
sage refers to the fact that the country people, on coming to 
London, usually on business with their lawyers, went to see the 
collections of wild animals in the Tower. Translation and 
slang: An inmate of a prison, asylum or the like. M. 



Page 148. 

1. 51. Montrose, James Graham, Earl and Marquis, is one 
of the most romantic and one of the best known figures of 
the time. He began as an ally of the Covenanters, invading 
England with them in the Bishops' War. However he changed 
his policy in 1640, and in 1641, was the avowed advocate of the 
crown. For a time he was successful, harmfully so, says Bur- 
net, but was finally defeated by Lesley at Philipshaugh, in 
September of 1645. He was appointed Lieutenant-Governor 
and Captain-General of Scotland, July, 1649, by the new king, 
and was executed May 21st, 1650, during a rash attempt to 
fulfil his mission. Brilliant and daring as he was, he yet lacked 
that equipoise of mind which insures success. 

Ludovic Lindsay, Earl of Crawford, was the associate of 
Montrose and was present at the fatal battle of Philipshaugh, 
from which he escaped to live to see the Restoration. 

1. 63-64. Nichols says that this couplet is one of the most 
quoted in the language; it is certainly not so now! 

1. 67. At rovers. 

"I am vindictive enough to have repelled force by force if I 
could imagine that any of them (i. e., Latins) had ever reached 
me but they either shot at rovers and therefore missed, or 
..." Dryden, Essay on Latin, Vol. XIIL, p. 9. 

Shooting at rovers, in archery, is opposed to shooting at butts ; 
in the former exercise the bowman shoots at random merely to 
show how far he can send an arrow. Scott's note to the above 
passage. 
Page 149. 

1. 76. Card, chart. 

"All the quarters that they know 
I' the shipman's card." 

Macbeth, Act 1, Sc. IH., 16-17. 

For a discussion of the exact meaning, see the Variorum 
Edition on this passage. 

1. 89. After the Army Plot in 1641, the two houses voted 
as a token of their friendship toward the Scots, "to give them 
a gratuity of three hundred thousand pounds, over and above 
the twenty-five thousand pounds the month, during the time 
that their stay here should be necessary! . . . And with- 
out doubt, when posterity shall recover the courage, and con- 
science, and the old honour of the English nation, it will not 
with more indignation and blushes contemplate any action of 
this sedetious and rebellious age, than that the nobility and 



gentry of England, who were not guilty of tl.e trciiso i, shouiJ 
recompense an invasion from a foreign condenmed nation, with 
whatever establishments they proposed in their own i^ingdom, 
and with a donative of three hundred thousand pouuus, over 
and above all charges, out of the bowels of England." Claren- 
don, Bk. III. p. 292. 

1. 99. The good old cause became a cry of derision after the 
Restoration. 

"For what design, what interest 
Can Beast have to encounter Beast? 
They fight for no espoused Cause, 
Frail Privilege, Fundamental Laws, 
Now for a thorough Reformation, 
Nor Covenant, nor Protestation, 
Nor Liberty of Consciences, 
Nor Lords and Commons Ordinances; 
Nor for the Church, nor Church-Lands, 
To get them in their own no hands; 
Nor evil counsellors to bring 
To justice, that seduce the King." 

Hudibras, Part I., C. 1, 759-70. 
In this passage Butler has included the majority of the cry- 
words of the Puritans. 
Page 150. 

1. 112. Picts^ probably a pun is intended on the name of the 
race and the Latin word pictus, empty, vain; in the translation 
by Dr. Gawen this is brought out. 

1. 115. Hyperbolus, an Athenian demagogue, who sought to 
ostracise Aristides, but was himself banished; the application 
of this dignified punishment upon so base a man disgraced it, 
and it is said never to have been used again. 

1. 125-126. For a discussion of this curious belief, consult 
Browne. Muller, in Chips from a Oerman Workshop, gives the 
explanation. A characteristic, and often-quoted account is as 
follows : 

(Sir Robert Moray, Relation concerning Barnacles, Philo- 
sophical Translations, Vol. II., No. 137, p. 925, 926.) 

"These shells hang at the tree by a neck longer than the 
shell; of a kind of filmy substance, round and hollow, and 
creased, not unlike the wind-pipe of a chicken; spreading out 
broadest where it is fastened to the tree, from which it seems 
to draw and convey the matter which serves for the growth 
and vegetation of the shell, and the little bird within it. This 

235 



bird in every shell that 1 opeed, as well the least as the big- 
gest, I found so curiously and completely formed, that there 
appeared nothing as to the external parts for making up a 
perfect sea-lowi; every little part appearing so distinctly, that 
the whole looked like a large bird seen through a concave, or 
diminishing glass, the colour and feature being everywhere so 
clear and neat. The little bill like that of a goose, the eyes 
marked, the head, neck, breast and wings, tail and feet formed, 
the feathers everywhere perfectly shaped and blackish coloured, 
and the feet like those of other water-fowl to the best of my 
lemembrance; all being dead and dry, I did not look after the 
inward parts of them; but having nipt off and broken a great 
many of them, I carried about twenty or twenty-four away 
with me." 

"As Barnacles turn Soland Geese 
In th' Islands of the Orcades." 

Hudihras, Part III., C. 2, 655-6. 

Page 151. 

Ax Elegy upon the Archbishop of Canterbury occurs in 
all editions except the Cleaveland Revived; but in the last two 
editions of 1647 it is under the heading Uncertaine Authors, 
As it is included in the 1G77, I assume that it is by Cleveland. 

1. 8. Aubrey mentions a Thomas Bushnell to whom this is 
an allusion. "His genius lay most towards naturall philosophy 
and particularly towards the discovery, drayning, and improve- 
ment of the silver mines in Cardiganshire, etc. He had the 
strai\rest bewitching way to drawe-in people (yea, discreet and 
wary men) into his projects that ever I heard of. His tongue 
was a chaine and drewe in so many to be bound for him and to 
be engaged in his designes that he ruined a number. . . . 
He was a master of the art of running in debt. . . ." Au- 
brey, V. I., 133. Bushel also experimented water works. As 
his skill in running in debt is mentioned four distinct times 
with the highest encomiums, it is not surprising that he should 
have become proverbial. 
Page 152. 

1. 18. Seth's pillars. "Seth the son of Adam, left children 
who imitated his virtues. "They were the discoverers of the wis- 
dom which relates to the heavenly bodies and their order, and that 
their inventions might not be lost they made two pillars, th^ 
one of brick, the other of stone, and inscribed their discoveries 
on them both, that in case the pillar of brick should be de- 

236 



stroyecl by the flood, the pillar of stone might remain and ex- 
hibit those discoveries to mankind. . . . Now this remains 
in the land of Siriad to this day.' Josephns, Antiquities of the 
Jews, Whiston's translation, F.k. I., Cli. 2, s. 3." Professor 
Norton's annotation in the Grolier edition of Donne to the 
li::e p. 191. 

"A work to outwear Seth's pillars, brick and stone." 
Tnfre 153. 

1. 50. This line is quoted by Fuller as one of the proverbs 
cx Leicestershire; his comment reads: "This steeple seems 
crooked unto the beholders (ar.d I believe will ever do so, until 
our age erect the like l\v it for height and workmanship), 
though some conceive the slendcrness at such a distance is all 
the obliquity thereof." FuL'er's Worthies, Leicestershire. 
Page 154. 

The Hue axd Cry afitsr Sir John Presbyter occurs in the 
two editions of 1C51 and in all sui.sequent editions except the 
Cleaveland Revived; also it is in the Rump Son(/s. 

1. 4. Bandoleers, small wooden cases covered with leather, 
each of them containing powder that is a sufficient charge for a 
musket. J. One has but to remember the ruff in pictures to 
realize the great appropriateness of this comparison. 
Page 155. 

1. 11. I do not understand the allusion in this line. 
1. 19-20. The tribe of Adoniram. I can do no better in an- 
notating this than to transcribe Grey's note on the couplet. 
"Their Dispensations had been stifled. 
But for our Adoniram Byfield." 

Hudibras, P. III., C. 2, 639-40. 
"He was a broken Apothecary, a zealous Covenanter, one of 
the Scribes to the Assembly of Divines; and no Doubt, for his 
great Zeal and Pains-taking in his Office, he had the profit in 
printing the Directory, the copy whereof was sold for 400£ 
thourh, when printed, the Price was but Three-pence. . . . 
Mr. Cleveland, in his 'Hue and Cry After Sir John Presbyter,' 
had the following Lines upon him." Here he quotes the coup- 
let in the text. 

1. 32. Ducatoons, a foreign coin, equal to five or six shillings. 
"For as an Austrian Archduke once 
Had one Ear (which in Ducatoons 
Ts half the Coin) in battle par'd 
Close to his head. . . ." 

Hudibras, Part I., C. 3, 147-50. 
237 



Grey, quoting the passage from Cleveland, says: "The Story 
alluded to, is of Albert, Archduke of Austria, brother to the 
Emperor Rudolph the Second, who was defeated by Prince 
Maurice of Nassau, in the year 1508. He endeavouring to en- 
courage his Soldiers in Battle, pulFd off his Murrion, or Head- 
piece, upon which he receiv'd a wound by the point of a Spear. 
Dux Albertus, dum spes superfuit, totam per aciem obequitans, 
ferebatur cum Diestanis, et in Hostem processerat intecto vultu, 
quo notius exemplum foret; atque ita factum, ut Hastae cus- 
pide a Germano milite auris perstringretur. (Hugonis Grotiis 
Historiar, de Reb, Belgic, lib. 9, p. 568, edit. Amstelaedami, 
12mo. 1658. Thuani Hist. lib. 127, torn. 5, edit. 1630, p. 906). 
To this Cleveland probably alludes." However it seems as if 
the idea were taken simply from the appearance of the coin. 
Page 156. 

1. 39. This passage is very obscure; I paraphrase as follows: 
whatever was imperious in the bishop in the old regime is just 
as much so now vmder this Scotch dispensation, which has made 
the common herd prelates, the common herd which attacked 
prelacy often before it could disestablish it; so the effect is as 
the multiplication of the voice by the echo in a ruin. And now, 
because they are holding pluralities of livings, although they 
cried against it, let the ecclesiastical order be composed of 
mechanics with the bargain and sale methods. 

1. 41. Classic is derived from the Latin classis, class, as 
Milton uses it in the sonnet, "On the New Forces of Conscience 
Under the Long Parliament": 

"And ride us with a Classic Hierarchy." 
Line 49 I parse on the analogy with the ,French subjunctive 
with "que." 
Page 157. 

1. 1. Demicastors, half-mitred, false bishops. 
Page 158. 

The General Eclipse occurs only in the 1677, '87, and '99 
editions. 

1. 3. "We shall not, I hope, disparage the Resurrection of 
our Redeemer, if we say the sun doth not dance on Easter-day. 
And though we would willingly assent unto any sympathetica! 
exultation, yet cannot conceive therein any more than a Tropi- 
cal expression." Common and Vulgar Errors, Bk. V., p. 221. 
Page 160. 

The King's Disguise occurs in all editions but the Cleave- 
land Revived. It is in the Rump Songs. 

238 



Page 161. 

1. 19. Budge, the dressed skin or fur of lambs. J. 

1. 32. Manchester, see note to p. 137, 180. The case un- 
fortunately was too common to admit of precise identification. 
Page 162. 

1. 38. The Self Denying Ordinance, was passed April 3d, 
1G45. It was Cromwell's victory in the quarrel with Man- 
chester. He saw that victory was impossible with such men at 
the head because they were afraid to conquer. "If the king 
be beaten," said Manchester before the battle of Kewbur}', 
"he will still be king; if he beat us he will hang us all for 
traitors." Therefore Cromwell brought forward a bill declar- 
ing that no one could hold a command in the army and a seat 
in either house at the same time. As is his custom, Cleveland 
uses the words in a punning sense. 

1. 57. As is shown by the variants, Fawkes is a reading not 
authorized by any edition; I adopted it as the only reading 
approximating sense; treason in grain. 

Page 163. 

1. 74. Blatant Beast, Sixth Book of the Faerie Queene. 
1. 76. Callow curse, perhaps "callow" may be lewd or wicked 
which Mr. Cleveland uses in his poems, where he speaks of a 
callow curse. B. His etymology is peculiar, but it shows in 
what sense Cleveland's contemporaries understood the phrase. 
1. 77. "And sell their Blasts of Winds as dear, 
As Lapland Witches bottled Air?" 

Hudibras, Part II., C. 2, 343-4. 
As an annotation on this Grey says: "The pretences of the 
Laplanders in this respect are thus described by Dr. Hey- 
wood. Heirarchie of Angels, Bk. 8, p. 506. 

"The Finns and Laplands are acquainted well 
With such like spir'ts, and winds to merchants sell; 
Making their cov'nant, when and how they please 
They may with prosp'rous weather cross the seas; 
As thus, they in a handkerchief fast tie 
Three knots, and loose the first, and by and by 
You find a gentle gale blow from the shore: 
Open the second, it encreaseth more, 
To fill the sails; when you the third untie, 
The intemperate gusts grow vehement and high." 
Scheffer's Hist, of Lapland, fol. 1704, p. 151 and chapter 11, 
from p. 119 to p. 158 inc. Mr. G. Sandy's Notes upon the 

239 



Third Book of Ovid's Metamorphoses, p. G3, and upon the 7th 
Bk., p. 133, Sir Thomas Browne also mentions it. 
Page 165. 

1. 123. Gibeon, Joshua, 9, 3-15. 

"And when the inhabitants of Gibeon heard what Joshua 
had done unto Jericho and to Ai. 

"They did work wilily, and went and made as if they had 
been ambassadors, and took old sacks upon their asses and wine 
bottles old and rent, and bound up; 

"And old shoes and clouted upon their feet, and old gar- 
ments upon them; and all the bread of their provisions was 
dry and mouldy." 

Unfortunately for Charles Cleveland was but too correct in 
his estimation of the tricky character of the Scots ! 



240 



APPENDIXES 



Appendix A. 

From "The History and Antiqities of Hinckley," by John Nichols, Lon- 
don, 1782 
THE MORE ANCIENT GENEALOGY OF CLEIVELAND OR 

CLEVELAND 
At or soon after the Conquest lived 

Thorkil de Cliveland (A) 

I 

Uctred de Cliveland (B) 

I 

Robert de Cliveland (C) 



Robert de Cleiveland of __ Ralph de Cleveland (E) 

Ormesby Co. Ebor ( D ) | 

I i ^ i 

Peter de Cliveland,^ Henry Cliveland (G) Ralph de Cliveland (H) 
of Ormesby ( F) j 

J 
Robert de Cliveland (I) = 

I 

I 
John de Cliveland (K.) ^ 



John Cleveland, citizen of __ 
York, flor. 1403 (L) I 



I 
John Clyveland, presbyter, was 
vicar of St. Cuthbert's Chapel, in 
York, 1405, afterwards of St. 
Elen's, in 1418 (M) 



I 
William Cleveland, Sheriff of York, ^A.D. i456(N) 

\ 

I I 

FROM HIM WAS APPARENTLY DESCENDED 

William Cleiveland, father of the Rev. Thomas Cleiveland, Eboraccnsis, 

WHOSE DESCENDANTS SEE IN THE ANNEXED GENEALOGICAL TABLE. 

(A) (B) Uctred, son of Thorkil de Cliveland, gave to Whitby Abbey two cura- 
cies of land, free from Danegeld, and the mill in Brineston (now Burniston in Rich- 
mondshire), Co. Ebor. Vid. Mon. Aug. i. 74. (ay. b.) Charlton's Hist, of Whitby, 410. 
1779. p. 71. 

(C) Robert de Cleiveland (so the name is spelt) gave to Whitby Abbey a piece 
of land in Ormesby. Mon. Aug. i. p. 75 (28. b.) See also Charlton's Hist, of Whitby, 
p. 73. (This last writer has obscured his versions of the old charters, by rendering the 
proper names too literally : thus, Robert de Cleveland he translates Robert of Cleve- 
land, etc.; but we follow the original in the Monasticon.) 

(D) (E) Ralph, son of Robert, granted and confirmed his brother's gift of lands 
to Whitby-Abbey, lying between the land which his father gave, and that belonging 
to the Prior of Giseburne. Charlton, p. 185, 186. 

(F) Peter de Cliveland gave to the church of Giseburne two booates and four 
roods of land in Ormesby, and all his land in the Valley of Marton, and all his land 
called Tunge, with other parcels of land enumerated in Mon. Aug, 11. p. 151. (20. a.) 
He also confirmed the grant of his uncle Ralph (supra E), and his deed is witnessed 
by Peter de Cleiveland. Charlton's Hist., p. 185. 

(F) (G) (H) These three brothers were benefactors to the priory of Giseburne 
or Gisburgh, in Co. Ebor. See Burton's Monasticon Eboracense, p. 351. See also 
same writer for the two generations (I) and (K). 

(L) John Cleveland (cix/zV Ebor.) is witness to a deed by which Richard Tykyll, 
and Margaret his wife, grant and convey to William Smythson, senior, and to his son 
William and his heirs, a tenement with a croft in Dalton Norrays. Dat. 14 March, 
ann. 4 R. Hen. IV. The name herein is written by the scrivener corruptly Clefland. 

(M) See Drake's History of York, fol. p. 313, 344. 

(N) Ibid, p. 363. 



liinckl^ies. 



App. B from ■■ The Hislory and Antiquities of Hinclcley.»-By J. Nichols, London. .78J 



f 

THE GENEALOe:Y OF CLEIVELAND OF HINCKLEY 



The Dlta of the Disiiu ukcn by penom of tW» Funily, Wc. 
EitnclcJ from the Reg'iitcn of the nn> Unlvenitia. 



■on in the pifiih rccloei- 

t Of of York.hlrc, L.i. Ebor.-«ncl., in th. t< 
Collect, CimbiUlt. 

V In Wilker'a Siiire>ln|i oflhc Clerty, fol. p. 
icier of TlloMA* Clhivblakd, A.M., rector of St. 
■• He «•• 1 very |reit .ufferer [for hl> loyilty > 
"it^lutlon of church end ""e ;) «•• feihet oft 
'■ Poet ; end hid it the time of hi. .eoue.tritlot 
•■which beiide. the Poet. »ere.uireteri»lio) . . 
" mittee of Lelceiler ; died in Oct. l6s» ; end w« i 



1 VIeerof Hlnclile] 



' "' He'.fi'dl' o'.'c." 



Thomu Cleiveland, a native of Votlc.t ><i- 
mitted of St. John's. Cambridge, 5 Nov., 
1605, a scholar of Dr. FelPs foundation. 
Took the degree of A.B. 1608; of A.M. 
1614; was first of all assisunt to the rector 
of Lotighboro* ; becatne vicar of Hinckley, 
with the rectory of Stoke, and chaplainship 
of Dadlinglon, annexed, all in Leicestershire, 
about the beginning of 1621. He was 
buried at Hinckley, 16 Oct.. l6;i.%* 



Elizabeth, wife 1 
Cleiveland. wai 
Hinckley, July 



Thomas CLtiriuiHD, of St. John's College, 
John CttivtuiND, of Christ's College, Cambridge, A.B. 1631, A 
Thomas Cliivilakd, of Christ's College, Cambridge, entered l6< 
WiLUAM Cliiveijihd, of Pcmbtoke Hall, Cambridge, A.B. 165 
William Cliiv«lamd, of Christ's College, Cambridge, A.B. 16: 
John Cliivilano, of Christ's College, Cambridge, A.B. I701> ' 
William CLllvtLANo, of St. John's College, Cambridge, A.B. I 
ThomasCliivilakd, of Christ's College, Cambridge, A.B. ITU 
William Chivilaho, of Magdalen-Hall, Oifbrd, A.B. I7S4. ' 



B. 1608, A.M. 1614. 



Mary Cleiveland, 

baptized at Lough- 
boro', 17 October, 



John Cleiveland, the PolT, 
baptized at Loughborough', 
ao June, 161 3 ; was educa- 
ted at Hinckley, under Mr. 

admitted, 4 Sept., 1627, of 
Christ's College, Cambridge , 



Margaret Cleiveland, 
baptized at Lough- 
boro', 27 Aug.l6lSi 
married at Hinckley 
to Tho. Hebb, 10 
Feb., 1647- 




vived him, 
he had oni 
bapt. Jan. 



by whom 
da. Ann, 
,1663-4- 



Joseph Cleiveland, 






Elizab. Cleiveland, — ' 

e'sept^ 



I 6 March, l'6 



, July J^i—Hnnii'.i ffccj 



'homai Cleiveland, 
baptized at Lough- 
boro' 5 July, iblS; 
buried at Hinckley, 
14 March, 1622. 



Samuel Cleiveland, 
baptized at Hinckley, 
9 June, .622. 



Tho. Cleiveland, 

baptized at Hinckley, 
19 Sept., 1624; 
bur. there 1 1 June, 
1643. He was ad- 
mitted of Christ Coll. 
Camb.,injuly,l642, 
act. 18, but died the 



Jetn, kaplistJ Aug. 
JO, l6gSi <!■ i" 



r. Elizab, d. young 
4. Carg, . J. . 



William Cleiveland, - 
baptized at Hinckley, 1 
Sept. 30, 1628 ; was 
admitted of Pem- 
broke-Hall, Camb., 
and took the degree of 

rector of Oldbury, to 
which he was pres- 
ented by the Lord 
Chancellor, Oct. 10, 
1660. He was also 
rector of Guatt . . 
.... both near 
Bridgnorth, Shrop- 
shire. He died at 
Guatt, 1666. 



Elizab. Woodcock. 



Timothy Cleiveland, 
bapt. at Hinckley, 
I, lune, 1631. 



vers, EB<^.,ofOIfbrd- 



Charli, 



lei, dead 
ill 
■vini 

7*-' 



_7«<n NicUs, June 
I 14, nl^i ''■"'"« 

\Set the Genealogy 
I of Onebye. 



pool, and having no 
son, adopted John, 
■on of his brother 
Jo^ph- ^1 

Cleiveland, an only 

daughter, who married 



/. John-Bangor Nichols, liiiing lySl. 
2. Thomai-Cleiviland Nichols, died 

ylfr. a, iyS2. 



Elizab. Cleiveland, Dorothy Cleiveland, 
bornatHinckley, born at Hinckley, 

29jun..6s5. ^l'"''- l'"'^ 



Edith Cleiveland, boti 



ley, August 3, lObl; re- 
Uncle Richartl, whae he 
acijuired a large fortuni He 
represented Liverpool Ji par- 
liament in 1710. Ht pur- 
chased Birkhead Priay in 
Cheshire, circ. 1710, and 
died Aug. I, I7l6i h»'- '" 
St. Nicholas Ch. in Liver- 



William Cleiveland, born in. 
1654, or 5. Was of Christ 
Coll.. Cambridge; admitted 
A.B. 1677 j A M. 1681 i 
rector of Upton Cresset, in 



Cleiveland, died at Lon 



Dudley 

1684. He died sud 
Dudley, 5 June, 17a 
iedjune 8, aged 66. 



Worcestershire, 



Catherine Cleiveland, man. 1st 
Noah Blanche, of Stepney, 
Middlesex, who died Feb .)■ 

(^iS^^i^^in'wilon, in 
Surry, who did 17 May, 



leivelind, was born- 



Margaret Cleiveland, 
after her father's death, 
1666: w-is married at Di 



1 of John Percy, of 



Arthur, t 

Worcester, by 

his wife; died .11 Bridgenorlli, 



Villiam Cleiveland, Tho. Lloyd, of 
born at Liverpool, Guernhayled, 
April, 1695 i was Flintshire, Es. 
member of parlia- 



dieJ 



hadiuuebyy 



Alice Cleiveland, - 

ess of her fiimily; 
died at Overton, 
in Flintshire, of 
a 3rd strokcof the 
palsy, Nov. 3, 



rancis Patty Price, 

piece, near Over- 
ton, in FlinUhire, 
and of Castle- 
Lions in Ireland; 



of William CleivcUni 



Feb. 



1682-3; was ol 
Chr. Coll. Cam. 
1700; A. B. 
1703; A. M. 
1707 ; rector ol 
Himley, in Staf 
fordshire, died 1 ; 
April, 1745- 



ley Church, Jan. 

Dudley 20 Sept., 

NorlhlielJs, 24 
Sept. 



St. Martin's in 
Birmingham; was 
married Dec. 6, 



Elizab. Cleiveland, Mary Cleiveland, 

born 24 Sept. b. Oct. 24, 

1685, at Dudley; 1686; d. the 

died 25 April, same year. 



1687; died I 
Jan. following. 



Vm. Cleiveland, 
b. 2 Jan. at 
Dudley, bapt. 
31 Jan. 1688.9; 
was of St. John'. 
Coll., Camb. , 
A.B. 1711 i A 



1758, aged 69 i 
bur. Feb. I 
Lindridge. 



Elizabeth Low, 
eldest dau. of 
Joshua and Eliza- 
beth, born 14 
Aug., 1698; 

ridge, 27 Aug., 

Feb. l'769- 



10. Cleiveland, 
1691, at Dudley'; 



F..r j.l.{A< 



Iribur Loive Pe, 
of B'idgentn 
hern 1704 i Ji 
,764. 



Jane, jd da. of 



Edward Percy, 
Urn 1707 i d 
,736; s. f. 



iToikea, dau. of Str . 
John Byrne, bar,., 
andsislerofSirPeler 
Leycesttr,bart.;marr. 
iS Dec, ijsg; died 



.Richard Barry Price,-Anne, 



land, born tq May, 
fjjb; died May 14, 



Mari Cleiveland, John Cleiveland, 

bJrn at King's Nor- born at King's Nor- 


William Cleiveland, 
born at Dudley, 


ton, July 4, '7081 ton, Oct. 4.. •709; 
died 27 April, 1714- '"P""'» »7 di'to i he 


bapt. 18 ditto. He 


died July 12, 1721 ; 




bur. at Dudley. 


bur. the i6thfoUow- 




ing at Dudley. 



Catherine Cleiveland, 
bom II M a r c h» 
1710-1; died January 



Elizabeth Cleiveland, 

Lindridge parish, i 
Worceitenhire, Ju! 
c, 1726 j unmar 
in 1782. 



William Clei 

born at Worcester 27 
June, 173' i »»■ "^ 
Magdalen Hall, Ox- 
ford ; A. B., I7S4i 
A, Ml 7 57 ;•""«''"' 
his&lherinthe rectory 
of All Sainu, Wor- 



-Margaret Mary Jones, 
daughter of James 
Jones, of Sudhamp- 
ton, in Oifotdshire, 
Esc;., wai bom Feb. 
23, 1736-7; "»''• 
24 Sept., 1767; died 



■ancis Parry Price, born as Bir 
mingham, No'v. 9, /767,' «« 
liiiing 1782. 



Richard Parry Price, born al Sir- 
mingham, SefS. 3, 1765. H' 
has saken the name of Pulellon, 
now living J7S2. 



"9 . 



Tho. Piny, U.U., 
formerly dean of Car. 
lisle, recsor of mley 
and vicar of Easlon 
Maudini, CO. Nor:h- 
ampton; promoted in 
1782, to the bishoprich 
of Dromere in Ireland 



"Bl^:-^odr.chc,f"Tl^'^gnZ2.\ JohnMa.on,g.n.., 
Desboro', in com. 
Northampton, 1782- 



-Mary, dau. of 
John Maion, 
1782. 



Jeul. Arthur Percy, 
jrd son, d. nSC 



mi- 



I 

letter, 
J. 1774. 



Thomas Percy, 
b. 13 Sept., 1768; 
living /7S2. 



In St. Nicholas's Church, in Liverpool, on the 
[To the Right Reverend Father in God, Thoin 



f John and Will 

Lord Bishop of Droniore, this G 



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ncckerascd, of a white fishing Eagle. 



alogy, carefully formed from 



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APPENDIX D. 



Editions of Cleveland's Works.- 

Separate Works: 

"The Character of a London Diurnal," 1644 (two editions), 
1654, in the form of a broadside. 

"Monumentum Regale, or a Tombe Erected for that Incom- 
parable and Glorious Monarch, Charles the First, King of 
Great Britain, France, and Ireland, &c. C. R. In Select Ele- 
gies, Epitaphs, and Poems. Printed in the Yeare 1649". 
"Chiefly by J. C." is the note in the catalogue of the British 
Museum. This contains the three elegies on King Charles which 
were published together in 1653 and subsequently, one of which 
is included on p. 145 of this edition. 

"The King's Disguise" London 1646 o. s. 

"Midsummer-Moone, or Lunacy Rampant" London 1648. 
Very doubtfully attributed to Cleveland, altho included in the 
"Cleaveland Revived"; said by the catalogue of the British 
Museum to be by F. Cheynell. 

"The Idol of the Clowns, or Insurrection of Wat the Tyler" 
London, 1654 and 1658. Very doubtful; said to be by Francis 
White of Gray's Inn. {Notes and Queries.) It was included 
in the 1687 edition. 

"Cleaveland's Petition to His Highness the Lord Protector" 
London, October, 1657. 

"Majestas Intemerata, or the Immortality of the King" Lon- 
don 1649. Very doubtful; never included in any edition. 
Poems : 

(For the contents of these editions, see Appendix C. At a 
glance it is obvious that there are three great additions of 
apocryphal matter; (1) scattered poems added in the first eight 
editions; (2) the poems of R. Fletcher and the unknown "Wife- 
hater"; and (3) the entirely new collection known as the 
"Cleaveland Revived" of which only the "King's Return from 
Scotland" was authorized by the edition of 1677. The only 
poem which here apjjears is the "Rebel Scot".) 

248 



"The Character of a London Diurnal, with Several Select 
Poems" London 1647. Dymock-Fletcher says that there were 
thirteen editions published iDctween 1647-8 ; I have only found five. 
The first two are identical; the additions consist of the poem 
on Strafford which is not characteristic, and one on Williams 
which is by Thomas Weaver in "Songs and Poems of Love and 
Drolley", London, 1654. The third adds the genuine poem of 
"Mark Anthony". The fourth and fifth are alike in having the 
heading "Uncertaine Authours"; under this grouping appear 
the two poems mentioned above, the "Scot's Apostasy" which 
was early accepted as genuine, the "Elegy on the Archbishop 
of Canterbury" which is included in the 1677; the fifth also adds 
a poem which was withdrawn. 

1651. 

The 1st edition adds to the doubtful list a second poem on 
King which is assuredly not genuine. 

The Second gives us "Mary's Spikenard" and the "Elegy on 
Dr. Chaderton" neither ot which is in his manner. The prose 
"Character of a Country-Coramittee-Man, with the Earmark 
of a Sequestrator" is added. 

1653 — two editions — 

To the doubtful poems are added "To the Hectors, upon the 
Unfortunate Death of H. Compton" and four poems on the 
death of King Charles. "To the Hectors" is like his manner, 
but not sufficiently so to be included in this edition. One of 
the four on Charles is signed by Montrose; Mr. Scollard 
gives two of the remaining three to Cleveland, but I feel war- 
ranted only in reproducing the one in the text. In prose there 
are added "A Letter to a ^Friend Dissuading Him from his 
Attempt to Marry a Nun" and the Newark correspondence. 
With it is bound the "Character of a Diurnal Maker" London, 

1654. This edition was reprinted twice in 1654 and in 1656. 
In 1657 the "Petition to the Lord Protector" was added. 

1659— reprinted in 1661, 1662, 1665, 1666, 1669. Quaritch men- 
tions an edition of 1663 which may be in this same series. 
The additions consist of a certainly spurious poem, the 
"Wife-hater", and of thirty-two poems by R. Fletcher taken 
from his "Ex Otio Negotium, or Martiall his Epigrams" Lon- 
don, 1656. The poems are printed in the same order with the 
exception of the "Sigh" which was dropped from the 1687 edi- 
tion. These are the titles of the poems. 

249 



The Publick Faith, A Lenten Litany, The Second Part, A 
Hue and Cry After the Reformation, A Committee, On the 
happy Memory of Alderman Hoyle that hang'd himself, Pla- 
tonick Love, Christmas Day, Piae Memoriae, Obsequies, On the 
Death of his Royal Majesty, An Epitaph, A Survey of the 
World, An Old Man courting a Young Girl, An Epitaph on 
his deceased Friend, Mount Ida, Upon a Fly, Obsequies, The 
London Lady, The Times, The Model of new Religion, On 
Britannicus, Content, May Day, An Epig. to Doulus, An Epig. 
on the People of .England, Another, A Sing-sonj on Clarinda's 
Wedding, The Myrtle-Grove, To my honoured Friend Mr. T. 
C, The Engagement stated. The Sigh. 

1659— reprinted in 1660, 1662, and 1668. 

"J. Cleaveland Revived: Poems, Orations, Epistles, And other 
of his Genuine Incomparable Pieces. With some other Exquis- 
ite Remains of most eminent Wits of both the Universities 
that were his Contemporaries. This Fourth Edition, (1668) 
besides many other never before publisht Additions, is en- 
riched with the Authors Midsummer-Moon, or Lunacy-Ram- 
pant. Being an University Caracter, a short survey of some of 
the late fellows of the Colledges. Now at last publisht from 
his Original Copies by some of his intrusted Friends. Non 
norunt haec monumenta mori. London, Printed for Nathaniel 
Brooks, at the Angell in Gresham Colledge, 1668" 

As the poems in this edition have so long gone under Cleve- 
land's name, the preface is important. 
"To the Discerning Reader. 

Worthy Friend, there is a saying, Once well done, and ever 
done; the wisest men have so considerately acted in their 
times, as by their learned Works to build their own monu- 
ments, such as might eternize them to future Ages: our John- 
son named his. Works, when others were called Playes, though 
they cost him much of the Lamp, and oyl; yet he so writ, as to 
oblige posterity to admire them: Our deceased Heroe, Mr. 
Cleaveland, knew how to difference legitimate births from 
abortives, his mighty Genius anvilled out what he sent abroad, 
as his informed mind knew how to distinguish betwixt writing 
much and well; a few of our deceased Poets pages being worth 
cartloads of the Scribblers of these times. It was my fortune 
to be in Newark, where it was besieged, where I saw some 
Manuscripts of Mr. Cleavelands, amongst others I have heard 
that he writ of the Treaty at Uxbridge, as I have been informed 



since by a person I intrusted to speak with one of Mr. Cleave- 
land's noble friends, who received him courteously, and satis- 
fied his enquiries; as concerning the Papers that were left in his 
custody, more particularly of the Treaty at Uxbridge, That it 
was not finisht, nor any of his other Papers fit for the Press. 
They were offered to the judicious consideration of one of the 
most accomplisht persons of our Age, he refusing to have them 
in any further examination, as he did not conceive that they 
could be publisht without some injury to Mr. Cleaveland; from 
which time they have remained sealed and lockt up: neither 
can I wonder at this obstruction, when I consider the disturb- 
ances our Author met with in the time of the Siege, how scarce 
and bad the Paper was, the Ink hardly to be discerned on it; 
the intimacy I had with Mr. Cleaveland before and since these 
civil Wars, gained most of these Papers from him, it being not 
the least of his misfortunes, out of the love he had to pleasure 
his friends, to be unfurnisht with his own Manuscripts, as I 
have heard him say often. He was not so happy as to have 
any considerable Collection of his own Papers, they being dis- 
perst among his friends; some whereof when he writ for them, 
he had no other answer. But that they were lost, or through 
the often reading, transcribing, or folding of them, worn to 
pieces so that though he knew where he formerly bestowed 
some of them, yet they were not to be regained; for which 
reason the Poems he had left in his hands, being so few, and of 
so small a Volume, he could not, (though he was often solicited 
with honor to himself) give his consent to the publishing of 
them, though indeed most of his former printed Poems were 
truly his own, except such as have been lately added, to make 
up the Volume; at the first some few of his Verses were 
printed with a Character of the London Diurnal, a stitcht 
Pamphlet in Quarto: Afterwards, as I have heard Mr. Cleave- 
land say, the Copies of Verses that he communicated to his 
friends, the Book-seller by chance meeting with them, being 
added to his book, they sold him another impression; in like 
manner such small additions (though but a paper or two of 
his incomparable Verses or Prose) posted off other Editions, 
whereas this Edition hath the happiness to flourish with the Re- 
mainder of Mr. Cleaveland's last never before printed Pieces. 
I acknowledge I receiv'd many of these last new printed Pa- 
pers from one of Mr. Cleaveland's near acquaintance, which 
when I sent to his, ever to be honoured, friend of Grays-Inn, 
he had not at that time the leisure to peruse them; but for 

251 



what !ie had read of them, he told the person I intrusted, That 
he did believe them to be Mr. Cleavelands, he having formerly 
spoken of such Papers of his, that were abroad in the hands 
of his friends, whom he could not remember: My intention was 
to reserve the Collection of these Manuscripts for my own 
private use; but finding many of those, I had in my hands, al- 
ready publisht in the former Poems, not knowing what further 
proceedings might attend the forwardnesse of the; Press, I 
thought myself concerned, not out of any unworthy ends of 
profit, but out of a true affection to my deceased friend, to 
publish these his other Pieces in Latine and English, and to 
make this to be like a volume for the study. Some other Poems 
are intermixed, such as the Reader shall find to be of such 
persons as were for the most part Mr Cleavelands Contempo- 
raries; some of them no less eminently known to the three Na- 
tions. I hope the world cannot be so far mistaken in his Genu- 
ine Muse, as not to discern his Pieces from any of the other 
Poems; neither can I believe there are any persons so unkind, 
as not candidly to entertain the heroick fancies of thei other 
Gentlemen that are worthily placed to live in this volume; 
some of their Poems, contrary to my expectation — I being at 
such a distance, were before in print, but in this third Edition 
I have crossed them out onely reserving those that were ex- 
cellently good, and never before extant, the Reader (I hope) 
will the more freely accept them Thus having ingenuously 
satisfied thee in these particulars, I shall not need to insert 
more; but that I have to present surreptitious Editions, pub- 
lisht this Collection; that by erecting this Pyramid of Honour, 
I might oblige posterity to perpetuate their Memories, which 
is the highest ambition of him, who is. 

Yours in all virtuous endeavours, 

E. Williamson." 
Newark, Nov. 21, 1658. 

"The Stationer to the Reader. 

Courteous Reader, thy free Acceptance of the former Edi- 
tions, encouraged me so far as to use my best diligence to gain 
what still remained in the hands of the Authors friends. I 
acknowledge myself to be obliged to Mr. Williamson, whosef 
worthy example Mr. Cleavelands other honourers have since 
persued. I shall not trouble thee. Reader, with any further 
Apologies, but only subscribe Mr. W. W. his last Verses in his 
following Elegy on Mr. Cleaveland. 

252 



That Plagiary that can filch but one 
Conceit from Him, and keep the Theft unknown, 
At Noon from Phoebus, may by the same sleight. 
Steals Beams, and makes 'em pass for his own light." 

This remarkable preface was then written twelve years after 
the author's intimacy with Cleveland. It may be; summed up 
in the statements: (1) Cleveland did not write many poems; 
(3) that he gave a few poems to Williamson; (3) that tl:e 
majority of the early publications were genuine; (4) that the 
collection was only hastily identified by one who knew; (5) 
that mnny of the collection had already been published ; 
(6) that AVilliamson deliberately filled out the volume with 
poems not genuine; (7) that the stationer also added doubtful 
poems. As the collection stands, the only poem printed before 
is the "Rebel Scot"; the only new poem incorporated in the 
1677 edition is the "King's Disguise". Of these "contempo- 
raries", the "Entertainment at Cotswold" was by William Dur- 
ham and was withdrawn after the first edition. The others 
have been located as follows: 
John Hail, Poems, Cambridge, 1646. 

"On a little Gentleman Profoundly Learned", Hall's "Upon 
T. R., a very little man but excellently learned"; 

"On an Ugly Woman", "To the Deformed X. R."; 

"On Parson the Great Porter", "Upon the King's Great Por- 
ter"; 

"To Cloris, a Rapture", "Rapture"; 

"Upon Wood of Kent", "Upon M. W. the Great Eater"; 

"To His Mistress", "Platonic Love"; 

"Upon a Talkative Woman", "To an Old Wife Talking to 
Him" ; 

"On one that was Deprived of His Testicles", "An Eunuch"; 

"The Flight", "The Call"; 

"On a Burning-glass", "A Burning Glass"; 

"Not to Travel", "Home Travel"; 
Thomas Sharp. 

"And they were his verses upon sleep which are printed in 
Cleveland's- name". Calamy's Account^ 2nd. ed. p. 814. 
Jasper Mayne in the "Jonsonus Virbius" 1638. 

"An Elegy on Jonson"; 
Richard West in the "Jonsonus Virbius" 1638. 

"An Elegy on Jonson"; 
John Denham, 1667, 1679, 1719; 

253 



"A Relation of a Quaker" i.;; Denham's "Xews from Colches- 
ter". The two poems, "On O. P. Sick" and "An Answer to the 
Storm", are evidently not by Cleveland as the events happened 
after his death. 

1G77 — reprinted twice in the same year, slightly varying the 

title-page, and one misprints the signature initials. If Wood 

is correct, there is yet a fourth mis-dated 1617. 

CUcvelandi Vindiciae; or, Clieveland's Genuine poems. Ora- 
tions, Epistles, &c. Purged from the many False and Spuri- 
ous Ones which had usurped his name, and from innumerable 
errors and corruptions in the true copies. To which are added 
many Additions never Printed before: 

With an account of the Author's Life. Published according 
to the Author's own Copies. London, Printed for Obadiah 
Bla grave, at the Sign of the Bear in St. Paul's Church Yard, 
near the Little North Door, 1677. 

The preface by Bishop Lake and Samuel Drake explains 
itself. 
"To the Right Worshipful and Reverend ^rancis Turner, D.D., 

Master of St. John's Colledge in Cambridge, and to the 

Worthy Fellows of the same Colledge. 

Gentlemen, 

Tliat we interrupt your more serious Studies with the offer 
of this IMece, the injury that hath been and is done to the de- 
ceased Author's ashes not only pleadeth our excuse, but engag- 
eth you (whose once he was, and within whose Myalls this 
standard of wit was first set up) in the same quarrel with us. 

Whilst Randolph and Cowley lie em.balmed in their own na- 
tive wax, how is the name and memory of Clieveland equally 
prophaned by those that usurp, and those that blaspheme it? 
By those that are ambitious to lay their Cuckows eggs in his 
nest, and those that think to raise up Phenixes of wut by firing 
his spicy bed about him? 

We ]:now you have not without passionate resentments beheld 
the prostitution of his name in some late Editions vended 
under it, wherein his Orations are murthered over and over 
in barbarous Latine, and a more barbarous Translation: and 
wherein is scarce one or other Poem of his own to commute 
for all the rest. At least every Curiasier of his hath a fulsome: 
Dragooner behind him, and Venus is again uneqiially yoaked 
with a sooty Anville-beatcr. Clieveland thus revived dieth an- 
other death. 

^.54 



You cannot but have beheld with like zealous indignation how 
ciiviousl}' our late Mushrom-v/its look up at him because he 
overdroppeth them, and snarl at his brightness as Dogs at the 
Moon. 

Some of these grand Sophvs will not allow him the reputation 
of wit at all: yet how many such Authors must be creamed and 
spirited to make up his Fuscara? And how many of their 
slight production may be gigged out of one of his pregnant 
Words? There perhaps you may find some leaf-gold, here 
massie wedges; there some scattered rayes, here a Galaxy; 
there some loose fancy frisking in the Ayr, here's Wit's Zodiack. 

The quarrel in all this is upbraiding merit, and eminence 
his crime. His touring Fancy soareth so high a pitch that 
they fly like shades below him. The Torrent thereof (which 
riseth far above their high water mark) drowneth their Levels. 
Usurping upon the State Poetick of the time he hath brought 
in such insolent measures of Wit and Language that despair- 
ing to imitate, they must study to understand. That alone is 
Wit with them to which they are commensurate, and what ex- 
ceedeth their scantling is monstrous. 

Thus they deifie his Wit and Fancy as the Clown the plump 
Oyster when he could not crack it. And now instead of that 
strenuous masculine stile which breatheth in this Author, we 
have only an enervous effeminate froth offered, as if they had 
taken the salivating Pill before they set pen to paper. You 
must hold your breath in the perusal lest the Jest vanish by 
blowing on. 

Another blemish in this monster of perfection is the ex- 
uberance of his Fancy. His Manna lieth so thick upon the 
ground that they loath it. When he should only fan, he with 
Hurricanos of wit stormeth the sense and doth not so much 
delight his Reader, as oppress and overwhelm him. 

To cure this excess, their frugal wit hath reduced the 
World to a Lessian Diet. If perhaps they entei'tain their 
Reader with one good Thought (as these new Dictators affect to 
speak) he may sit down and say Grace over it: the rest is 
words and nothing else. 

We will leave them therefore to the most proper vengeance, 
to humour themselves with the perusal of their own Poems: 
and leave the Barber to rub their thick skulls with bran until 
they are fit for Musk. Only we will leave this friendly advice 
with them; that they have one eye upon John Tredeskant's Ex- 
ecutor, lest among his other Minims of Art and Nature he 
255 



expose their slight Conceits: and another upon tlie Royal So- 
ciety, lest they make their Poems the counter-ballance when 
they intend to weigh Air. 

From these unequal censures we appeal to such competent 
Judges as yourselves, in whose just value of him Clieveland 
shall live the wonder of his own, and the pattern of succeeding 
Ages. And although we might (upon several accompts) be- 
speak your affections, yet (abstracting from these) we submit 
him to your severer Judgments, and doubt not but he will find 
that Patronage from you which is desired and expected by 
Your humble Servants. 

J. L. S. D." 
1687— reprinted in 1699. 

This is a combination of all previous editions; the first 
part is a reproduction of the 1677; the second part, with a 
separate title-page headed "John Cleaveland's Revived Poems" 
etc., contains all previous poems not in the 1677, excepting 
the second elegy on Edward King and "A New Litany"; "The 
Idol of the Clowns" is added to the prose and the "Midsummer- 
Moone" is dropped. The second title-page contains no mention 
of the "exquisite remains of his contemporaries", a fact which 
has caused endless miscomprehension of his work. Moreover 
it is very carelessly put together as the "Rupertismus" is twice 
printed. 

PORTRAITS. 
1653. A bust framed in laurel with the motto: "Vera et 
viva Effigies Johannis Cleeveland". The same plate was redone 
in 1658 and prefixed to the "Poems" of 1659 etc. 

1659. "Cleaveland Revived". A head on a pedestal on the 
base of which is written: "Vera Effigies J: Cleaulandi". The 
motto is: 

"For weighty Numbers, sense, misterious wayes 
Of happie Wit, Great Cleauland claimes his Bayes." 
Sepultus Colleg:Whitintonis 
1 May Ano. 1658. 
1677. A bust in an oval, with the motto: "Vera Effigies Jo- 
hannis Cleaveland". Printed for Nath. Brooke at the Angel 
in Cornhill. Cleveland is dressed in a doctor's gown, which is 
supposed by some to be clerical. 

The painting by Isaac Fuller. This was engraved for John 
Nichols and is in his "History of Hinckley" and the "Select 
Collections". It is a copy of this which has been used for this 
edition. 

256 



APPENDIX E. 

MarveU's Reply to the "Rebel Scot". 

THE LOYAL SCOT. 

By Cleveland's Ghost, upon the Death of Captain Douglas, 
Burned upon his Ship at Chatham. 

Of the old heroes when the warlike shades 
Saw Douglas marching on the Elysian glades. 
They all, consulting, gathered in a ring. 
Which of their poets should his welcome sing; 
And, as a favorable penance, chose 
Cleveland, on whom they would that task impose. 
He understood, but willingly addressed 
His ready muse, to court that noble guest. 
Much had he cured the tumour of his vein, 
He judged more clearly now and saw more plain; 
For those soft airs had tempered every thought. 
Since of wise Lethe he had drunk a draught. 
Abruptly he began, disguising art. 
As of his satire this had been a part. 

As so, brave Douglas, on whose lovely chin 
The early down but newly did begin. 
And modest beauty yet his sex did veil. 
While envious virgins hope he is a male. 
His yellow locks curl back themselves to seek. 
Nor other courtship knew but to his cheek. 
Oft as he in chill Esk or Tyne, by night, 
Hardened and cooled his limbs so soft, so white. 
Among the reeds, to be espied by him. 
The nymphs would rustle, he would forward swim. 
They sighed, and said. Fond boy, why so untame. 
That fly'st love's fires, reserved for other flame? 
First on his ship he faced that horrid day, 
And wondered much at those that ran away. 
267 



No other fear himself could comprehend, 
Than lest Heaven tall ere thither he ascend; 
But entertains the while his time, too short. 
With birding at the Dutch, as if in sport; 
Or waves his sword, and, could he them conjure 
Within his circle, knows himself secure. 
The fatal bark him boards with grappling fire, 
And safely through its port the Dutch retire. 
That precious life he yet disdains to save. 
Or with known art to try the gentle wave. 
Much him the honour of his ancient race 
Inspired, nor would he his own deeds deface; 
And secret joy in his calm soul does rise. 
That Monck looks on to see how Douglas dies. 
Like a glad lover the fierce flames he meets, 
And tries his first embraces in their sheets; 
His shape exact, which the bright flames enfold, 
Like the sun's statue stands of burnished gold; 
Round the transparent fire about him glows. 
As the clear amber on the bee does close; 
And, as on angels' heads their glories shine, 
His burning locks adorn his face divine. 
But when in his immortal mind he felt 
His altering form and soldered limbs to melt, 
Down on the deck he laid himself, and died, 
With his dear sword reposing by his side. 
And on the flaming plank so rests his head. 
As one that warmed himself, and went to bed. 
His ship burns down, and with his relics sinks. 
And the sad stream beneath his ashes drinks. 
Fortunate boy ! if either pencil's fame, 
Or if my verse can propagate thy name. 
When Oeta and Alcides are forgot. 
Our English youth shall sing the valiant Scot. 

Skip saddles, Pegasus, thou needst not brag, 
Sometimes the Galloway proves the better nag. 
Shall not a death so generous, when told, 
L^nite our distance, fill our breaches old? 
So in the Roman forum, Curtius brave. 
Galloping down, closed up the gaping cave. 
No more discourse of Scotch and English race, 
Nor chant the fabulous hunt of Chevy-Chase; 
258 



Mixed in Corinthian metal at thy flame, 
Our nations melting, thy colossus frame. 
Prick down the point, whoever has the art. 
Where nature Scotland does from England part; 
Anatomists may sooner fix the cells 
Where life resides and understanding dwells. 
But this we know, though that exceeds our skill. 
That whosoever separates them does ill. 
Will you the Tweed that sullen bounder call, 
Of soil, of wit, of manners, and of all? 
Why draw you not, as well, the thrifty line 
From Thames, Trent, Humber, or at least the Tyne? 
So may we the state — corpulence redress. 
And little England, when we please, make less. 
What ethic river is this wondrous Tweed 
Whose one bank virtue, t'other vice, does breed? 
Or what new perpendicular does rise 
Up from her streams, continued to the skies, 
That between us the common air should bar, 
And split the influence of every star? 
But who considers right, will find indeed, 
'Tis Holy Island parts us, not the Tweed. 
Nothing but clergy could us two seclude. 
No Scotch was ever like a bishop's feud. 
All Litanies in this have wanted faith, 
There's no deliver us from a bishop's wrath. 
Never shall Calvin pardoned be for sales. 
Never, for Burnet's sake, the Lauderdales; 
For Becket's sake, Kent always shall have; tails. 
Who sermons e're can pacify and prayers? 
Or to the joint stools reconcile the chairs? 
Though kingdoms join, yet church will kick oppose; 
The mitre still divides, the crown does close; 
As in Rogation week they whip us round. 
To keep in mind the Scotch and English bound. 
What the ocean binds is by the bishops rent. 
Then seas make islands in our continent. 
Nature in vain us in one land compiles. 
If the cathedral still shall have its isles. 
Nothing, not bogs, nor sands, nor seas, nor Alps, 
Separates the world so as the bishops' scalps; 
Stretch for the line their surcingle alone, 
'Twill make a more uninhabitable zone. 
259 



The friendly loadstone has not more combined, 

Than bishops' cramped the commerce of mankind. 

Had it not been for such a bias strong, 

Two nations ne'er had missed the mark so long. 

The world in awe doth but two nations bear, 

The good, the bad, and these mixed everywhere; 

Under each pole place either of these two, 

The bad will basely, good will bravely do; 

And few, indeed, can parallel our climes, 

For worth heroic, or heroic crimes. 

The trial would, however, be too nice. 

Which stronger were, a Scotch or English vice; 

Or whether the same virtue would reflect, 

From Scotch or English heart, the same effeict. 

Nation is all, but name, a Shibboleth, 

Where a mistaken accent causes death. 

In Paradise names only nature showed. 

At Babel names from pride and discord flowed; 

And ever since then, with a female spite, 

First call each other names, and then they fight. 

Scotland and England cause of just uproar; 

Do man and wife signify rogue and whore? 

Say but a Scot and straight we fall to sides; 

That syllable like a Picts' wall divides. 

Rational men's words pledges are of peace; 

Perverted, serve dissension to increase. 

For shame! extirpate for each loyal breast 

That senseless rancour, against interest; 

One king, one faith, one language, and one isle, 

English and Scotch, 'tis all but cross and pile. 

Charles, our great soul, this only understands; 

He our aff'ections both, and wills, commands; 

And where twin-s;yTnpathies cannot atone. 

Knows the last secret, how to make us one. 

Just the prudent husbandman that sees 
The idle tumult of his factious bees. 
The morning dews, and flowers, neglect grown, 
The hive a comb-case, every bee a drone. 
Powders them o'er, till none discerns his foes, 
And all themselves in meal and friendship lose; 
The insect kingdom straight begins to thrive, 
And all work honey for the common hive. 
260 



Pardon, young hero, this so long transport, 
Thy death more noble did the same extort. 
My former satire for this verse forget. 
My fault against my recantation set. 
I single did against a nation write. 
Against u nation thou didst singly fight. 
My ditfering crimes do more thy virtue raise. 
And, such my rashness, best thy valour praise. 

Here Douglas smiling said he: did intend. 
After such frankness shown, to be his friend; 
Forewarned him therefore, lest in time he were 
Meterapsychosed to some Scotch Presbyter. 
Poems of Andrew Marvell^ G. A. Aitken, London, 1892. 

Vol. 1. p. 162 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Bishop Percy on Cleveland in the "Biographia Bri- 
tannica": edited by Andrew Kippis, Lond., 1784, Vol. S, 
p. 628. This is by far the most complete and satisfac- 
tory account. 

John Nichols: "History of Hinckley/' Lond., 1783, 
p. 135; "History of Leicestershire/' Ap. 40, Vol. 3; 
"Select Collection," Vol. 7. 

Granger's Biographical Dictionary; this article was 
reviewed by Guthrie in the Critical Review, Vol. 27, 
p. 424. 

Cooper's "Annals of Cambridge." 

Baker: "History of the College of St. John": ed. by 
J. E. B. Mayor. 

Thurloe's "State Papers." 

Letters in the Loughborough Advertiser, Apr. 18, 25, 
and May 2, 1872; signed "W." (W. S. Dymock- 
Fletcher.) 

Masson's "Life of Milton." 

Chalmer's "English Poets/' 1813, Vol. IX., p. 468. 

Ebsworth on Cleveland in the "Dictionary of National 
Biography." 

Sir Egerton Bridges' "Restituta," Vol. 4, p. 225, 256. 

Clinton Scollard in the "Dial" (Ch.) 14: 268. 

Edwin Goadby, "Gentleman's Magazine/' 10: 205. 

"Retrospective Review/' Vol. XII., p. 123, 1825. 
Bell, R. Lit. & Sci. men., 2: 188. 

The seventeenth century lives are inaccurate but val- 
uable in showing current opinions. 

262 



Fuller's "Worthies of England/' Co. Leicestershire. 

David Lloyd's "Memoirs of the Lives^ Actions, Suffer- 
ings, and Deaths of Those Noble, Reverend, and Excel- 
lent Personages, That Suffered by Death, Sequestration, 
Decimation, or Otherwise, for the Protestant Religion, 
and the great Principle thereof. Allegiance to their 
Sovereign, in our late Intestine Wars, from the Year 
1637 to the Year 1660," Lond., 1668, p. 6l7. 

David Lloyd's "State- Worthies : or, the Statesmen and 
Favorites of England from the Reformation to the Rev- 
olution," Lond., 1666, p. 504. 

Eachard, p. 735, gives the same facts. 

Anthony Wood's "Thenae Oxonienses," Lond., 1731, 
p. 274, Vol. I. of the Fasti. 

Aubrey's "Brief Lives"; ed. by Andrew Clark, Ox- 
ford, 1898, Vol. L, p. 174. 

Winstanley's "Lives of the Most Famous Englisii 
Poets," Lond., 1687, p. 172. 

This is the scanty list of the chief works bearing on 
the subject; of course there are many scattered refer- 
ences which it is needless to mention. 



INDEX 

INDEX OF FIRST LINES OF POEMS. 

PAGE 

All hail to the poetic gleek, 174 

And why so coffined in this vile disguise, 160 

Astrologers say, Venus the self same star, 112 

Be dumb you beggars of the rhyming trade, 73 

Come hither, Apollo's bouncing girl, 109 

England's a perfect world; hath Indies too, 187 

Flea-bitten synod, an assembly brewed, 142 

For shame, thou everlasting wooer, 78 

Hang out a flag, and gather pence-apiecer, 139 

Here lies wise and valiant dust, 184 

How Providence? and yet a Scottish crew, 146 

I like not tears in tune nor do I prize, 100 

I need no muse to give my passion vent, 151 

In faith, 'tis true I am in love, 186 

I saw a vision yesternight, 66 

Is it come to this? What shall the cheeks of Fame, . . 181 

Ladies that gild the glittering noon, 158 

Nature's confectioner, the bee, 63 

Nor scapes he so; our dinner was so good, 90 

O that I could but vote myself a poet, 130 

Peace, Beldam Eve, surcease thy suit, 87 

Problem of sexes, must thou likewise be, 97 

Proceed in thy brave rage, 177 

Returned, I'll ne'er believe 't; first prove him hence, . . 127 

Sir, or Madame, choose you whether, 94 

Sir Roger from a zealous piece of frieze, 119 

Since 'tis my doom, Love's undershrieve, VO 

Smectymnuus! The goblin makes me start, 123 

Stand off and let me take the air, 85 

Stay, should I answer. Lady, then, 83 

The Muses' fairest light in no dark time, 176 

The sluggish morn as yet undressed, 80 

Thou that by ruin dost repair, 193 

'Tis no coranto-news I undertake, 106 

264 



Were not my faith buoyed up by scared blood, 
What's a Protector? He's a stately thing, 
When as the nightingale chanted her vespers. 
When as the nightingale sang Pluto's matins, 
Who first reformed our stage with justest laws. 
With hair in characters and lugs in text, . , 



PAGE 

195 
185 
103 
104 
175 
154 



INDEX TO NOTES. 

PAGE LINE 

Abbess of the Skies, 66 11 

Achilles, 95 51 

Acteon, 93 74 

Adamites, 66 6 

Adoniram, tribe of, 155 20 

Advowson, 70 3 

Ajax, 91 29 

Amphitryon, 97 19 

Amsterdam, Lust's 135 133 

Ana, 142 2 

Ap, 123 4 

Athos, Mount, 134 109 

Aums ace, 97 4 

Babies in eyes, 95 31 

Bandoleers, 154 4 

Barnaby, toll-man, 107 20 

Bells ringing backward, 130 18 

Bilbo Blade, 131 31 

Bilked, 126 90 

Blatant Beast, 163 74 

Bloody Oysters, 120 34 

Booker, 120 35 

Boutesel, 69 75 

Bowles, Oliver, 145 79 

Budge, 161 19 

Bushel's Wells, 151 8 

Cacus, 128 23 

Ca?sar, 140 29-30 

Caligula, 125 63 

Callow curse, 163 76 

Calot Leather-cap, 109 



17 



Candy, '''8 18 

265 



PAGE LINE 

^^^^* 149 76 

Cirthape, slt^c of I33 35 

^■■^taline, 121 58 

Children's 'I'hree^, II9 q 

<-^-assk-, 156 41 

Collegiates, I47 44 

Commendam, 128 QQ 

Compurgators, 98 37 

Conclave, 126 84 

Conster, II9 13 

Conventicle, 126 84 

Coranto, 106 1 

Crisped, 71 34 

Cuirassier, 79 33 

l^anae, 65 78 

Demicastors, I57 j 

Devil's cloven hoof, 131 qq 

Distrain, 63 11 

D'"rnal, 134 95 

Donative, 97 ig 

Don Quixote, 123 19 

Dubs, 79 22 

Ducatoons, I55 33 

Dun the horse, 104 15 

Easter-book, 106 16 

Ela, 74 25 

Elsyng, Henry, 130 n 

Epicene, IO5 27 

Essex, Robert, Earl of, 131 45 

Eve, from Adam's rib, 94 13 

Falstaff, 135 uq 

Familiar, 65 54 

Fielding, Earl of Denbigh, 144 68 

Fiennes, Lord Say and Sele, 144 71 

Fifth of November, 120 42 

Foins, rebated, 70 9 

Frieze, 119 1 

Gaffer, 106 15 

Galliard, 96 57 

Garnet, Father, 120 40 

Gauntlet, 95 49 



FAGE LINE 

Gavelkind, 124 34 

Gibeon, 165 123 

Glyn, John, 136 153 

God's diggers, 121 53 

Gog and Magog, .139 7 

Golden Legend, 84 48 

Good old cause, 149 99 

Gotham, 76 89 

Grantham Steeple, 153 50 

Green-sickness, 79 26 

Gregorian Account, 70 18 

Gripe, 71 47 

Grogoram, 107 30 

Gustavus Adolphus, 132 68 

Hans-in-keldar, 97 22 

Hazelrig, Sir Arthur, 136 144 

Heriot, 71 44 

Hesperian Apples, 92 54 

Heteroclite, 96 59 

Hippocrene, 109 9 

Hopkins, 90 5 

Huntingdon Colt, 130 9 

Hyperbolus, 150 115 

Impropriation, . . . , 97 12 

Ineeptor, 107 29 

Incubus, 104 9 

hvgeny, 103 36 

Iwoculate, 64 34 

To, 92 60 

Issachar, 139 11 

Jacob's flock, 142 13 

Jacob's staff, 73 18 

John-a-Nokes, Ill 47 

John-a-Stiles, 143 44 

Julian Account, 70 17 

Kimbolton, Edward Montagu, Lord, 137 180 

King, Edward, 100 

La-bee, 109 15 

Lancepesade, 65 62 

Laplanders, 163 77 

Lawyer, . . . , 110 41 

267 



PAG£ LIXE 

Lecturer's wrought cap, 139 4 

Lero and Alphonso, 88 28 

Linsey-woolsey, 143 52 

Liquorish, 90 2 

Literal and Equitable Sense, 131 20 

Livery and Seizin, Ill 4G 

Long wasted, 110 26 

Lunsford, Sir Thomas, 135 123 

1 Manchester, Earl of, 161 32 

. Mandrakes, 105 25 

Margaret — Professor, 107 26 

Marshall, Stephen, 147 21 

Martin, Sir Thomas, 139 10 

Maynard, Sir John, 136 153 

Metal on metal, 140 25 

Monmouth-cap, 109 9 

Montrose, James Graham, Earl of 148 51 

J^Iorglay, 91 39 

Murnival, 123 20 

Neck-verse, 143 46 

New England, 106 3 

Niobe, 78 12 

Og, 98 35 

Organs at Cambridge, 107 33 

Ostend, siege of, 71 26 

Palmer, Herbert, 144 72 

Pandora, " 133 75 

Parricide, 65 82 

Pattens, 104 3 

Pelops, 71 42 

Pembroke, Philip Herbert, Earl of, 144 53 

Pence-apiece, 139 I 

Pennington, Isaac, 133 79 

Perillus, 185 6 

Phillip and Mary shilling, 96 66 

Phylacteries, 137 170 

Pickeering, 68 67 

Picts, 150 112 

Pigwidgeon, 146 12 

Platonic loves, 78 20 

Play-book Oaths, 107 39 

268 



PAGE LIKE 

Plots, 135 138 

Plurality of livings, 97 11 

Pomfret, Su., 104 8 

Pope, Joan, 99 53 

Porphery Chair, 98 51 

Postil, 73 7 

Pottle, 109 12 

Prentices' Petition, . 125 55 

Priscian, 140 29 

Public Faith, 133 74 

Pygmalion, 78 10 

Pym, 135 126 

Quarry, 78 14 

Quartans, 76 82 

Queen Mother, 126 95 

Quick, 75 57 

Ravaillac, 65 70 

Regealing, 71 48 

Rovers, 148 67 

Royston Crows, 142 19 

Rundlets, 101 51 

Sadness, 145 79 

St. Peter's Shadow, 136 157 

Satin-cap, 110 33 

Sconce, 120 30 

Scots' Eating Pork, 92 50 

Seekers, 66 2 

Selden, 145 88 

Self -Denying Ordinance, 162 38 

Sellenger's Round, 107 34 

Seth's Pillars, 152 18 

Shaker, 66 3 

Shotten, . 119 7 

Silenced minister, 83 16 

Skew-bald, 121 48 

Skilt, 123 3 

Smec, 140 22 

Smoke following the Fair, 85 2 

Sob, 98 44 

Soland Geese, 150 126 

Span, 70 16 



PAGE LINE 

Square-cap, 109 8 

Stagirite, 101 27 

Stammel, 106 10 

Sturbridge Fair, 124 29 

Suckets, 63 2 

Sun dancing at Easter, 158 3 

Superfetation, 132 56 

Thomas, Sir, his leas, 110 22 

Thyestes, 92 48 

Tincture, 63 13 

Transpiring, 63 20 

Tredescant, 139 6 

Tup, 90 16 

Tympany, 139 3 

Undershrieve, 70 1 

Valentine and Orson, 139 14 

Vatican burned, 101 46 

Venter, 68 62 

Voider, 139 16 

Wee-bit, 121 52 

Wharton, Philip, Lord, 131 42 

Whinyard, 91 25 

White Powder, 131 39 

Windsor's Hospital, 139 18 

Woolpack, 142 4 

Xerxes, bridge of, 100 112 



979 



my 7 " 1903 



